Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant

Lopman, Ben; Vennema, Harry; Kohli, Évelyne; Pothier, Pierre; Sánchez, Ángel; Negredo, Anabel; Buesa, Javier; Schreier, E.; Reacher, Mark; Brown, David; Gray, Jim; Iturriza‐Gómara, Miren; Gallimore, Christopher; Böttiger, Blenda; Hedlund, Kjell Olof; Torvén, Maria; Bonsdorff, C H von; Maunula, Leena; Poljšak-Prijatelj, Mateja; Zimšek, Janet; Reuter, Gábor; Szücs, György; Melegh, Béla; Svennson, Lennart; Duijnhoven, Yvonne van; Koopmans, Marion

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15641-9

Cited by 462 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In accordance with these previous reports, our results show that norovirus GGII.4 was predominantly detected in the faeces of children. [34,35]. The second most frequent norovirus genotype found in this study was GGII.b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France

Lorrot

Bon

Hajje

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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International audienceRotavirus is recognised as the most important agent of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. In a 2-year prospective survey, we investigated the epidemiology and clinical features of the viral and bacterial pathogens in children hospitalised for AGE. The study was performed in a Parisian teaching hospital from November 2001 to May 2004. Clinical data were prospectively collected to assess the gastroenteritis severity (20-point Vesikari severity score, the need for intravenous rehydration, duration of hospitalisation). Stools were systematically tested for group A rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus 40/41, sapovirus and Aichi virus and enteropathogenic bacteria. A total of 457 children (mean age 15.9 months) were enrolled. Viruses were detected in 305 cases (66.7%) and bacteria in 31 cases (6.8%). Rotaviruses were the most frequent pathogen (48.8%), followed by noroviruses (8.3%) and adenoviruses, astroviruses, Aichi viruses and sapoviruses in 3.5%, 1.5%, 0.9% and 0.4%, respectively. Cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were significantly more severe than those of norovirus with respect to the Vesikari score, duration of hospitalisation and the need for intravenous rehydration. Rotaviruses were the most frequent and most severe cause in children hospitalised for AGE, and noroviruses also account for a large number of cases in this population

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France

Lorrot

Bon

Hajje

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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“…Similarly, the incidence of general practitioner consultations for norovirus was only slightly lower than that from a recent study in Germany, which used RT-PCR diagnosis for norovirus, but again this study had a narrower case definition for IID (2 or more loose stools, or 2 or more vomiting episodes in 24 hours) (21). The incidence of norovirus-associated IID may also have been higher than normal during our study because a new variant of norovirus emerged during 1995 and 1996 (22)(23)(24); emergence of norovirus variants has been associated with increased disease incidence (25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

et al. 2010

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Existing estimates of the incidence of infectious intestinal disease (IID) caused by norovirus are based on electron microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither method accurately represents norovirus disease burden: Electron microscopy has poor diagnostic sensitivity, and RT-PCR has poor diagnostic specificity. In this study, viral load measurements were used to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and to produce new incidence estimates for England. IID cases were ascertained in the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993England ( -1996, and stool specimens were tested by semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for norovirus. The age-adjusted community incidence of norovirus-associated IID was 4.5/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 3.8, 5.2), equating to 2 million episodes/year. Among children aged less than 5 years, the community incidence was 21.4/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 15.9, 27.7), and the incidence of consultations to general practitioners for norovirus-associated IID was 3.2/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 2.6, 3.8), with 100,000 children visiting their general practitioner for norovirus-associated IID each year. Norovirus is the most common cause of IID in the community in England and is responsible for a similar number of pediatric primary care consultations as rotavirus.England; gastroenteritis; incidence; Monte Carlo method; Norovirus; primary health care; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Abbreviations: IID, infectious intestinal disease; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

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“…During the winter of [2002][2003], an increase in NV outbreaks was reported in Europe and the United States (6,21). Moreover, worldwide, the GII-4 genotype (Bristol virus-like genotype) has been shown to be the predominant strain of NV associated with gastroenteritis (13,21,(34)(35)(36).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004

et al. 2005

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Noroviruses (NVs) are common pathogens that consist of genetically divergent viruses that induce gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Between September 1999 and June 2004, 1,898 samples obtained from patients showing sporadic or outbreak gastroenteritis in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, were tested for NVs by reverse transcription-PCR. NVs were detected in 603 samples. Approximately 80% were positive for genogroup GII, 13% were positive for genogroup GI, and the remaining 7% were positive for both genogroups. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GI and GII genogroups could be further divided into 13 and 16 genotypes (including new genotypes), respectively. The GII-4 genotype, which included five small genetic clusters (subtypes), was the most common in this study and was detected in approximately 40% of positive samples. The P2 regions of 10 strains belonging to each of the five GII-4 subtypes showed 5 to 18% amino acid diversity. The amino acid substitutions accumulated in the protruding (P) region during the 5-year study period. Our data suggest that highly variable NV strains are circulating in Chiba Prefecture, with a high rate of genetic change observed during the 5-year study period.The genus Norovirus is a member of the family Caliciviridae. Caliciviruses contain a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and include a further three genera, Vesivirus, Lagovirus, and Sapovirus (2,3,8). Noroviruses (NVs) have three major open reading frames (ORFs) that encode nonstructural, capsid, and minor structural proteins, respectively (8). They are one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis and have been detected in fecal samples from both humans (12,15,28) and animals (20,30,37). Human-associated NV outbreaks resulting from ingestion of contaminated water or food, such as oysters (4,5,18,23), and outbreaks in public places, particularly hospitals, schools, and cruise ships (9,11,22,36), pose an important public health problem.Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and sequencing of the partial viral genome are the most popular and useful procedures for obtaining epidemiological and genetic information on NVs. Human NVs can be divided into two genogroups, genogroups GI and GII, by genetic analysis of the RNA polymerase and capsid regions (1, 15), with several genotype classifications having been reported independently (1,16,33). Recently, based on the genotype classification of Katayama et al. (16), Kageyama et al. (15) reported on a detailed scheme for the genotyping of NVs based on distribution analysis by using the pairwise distance of the capsid N-terminal/shell domain. They classified the GI and GII genogroups into 14 and 17 genotypes, respectively.During the winter of 2002-2003, an increase in NV outbreaks was reported in Europe and the United States (6, 21). Moreover, worldwide, the GII-4 genotype (Bristol virus-like genotype) has been shown to be the predominant strain of NV associated with gastroenteritis (13,21,(34)(35)(36). Changes in the phylogenetic and genetic characteristics of GII-4 genotype strains...

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Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant

Cited by 462 publications

References 17 publications

Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France

Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004

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