Incidence and Mortality of Cancers of the Biliary Tract, Gallbladder, and Liver by Sex, Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Stage at Diagnosis: United States, 2013 to 2017

Abstract

Background: Few population-based studies have examined incidence and mortality of cancers of the biliary tract, including intrahepatic bile duct, extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of Vater, and overlapping or other lesions of the biliary tract in one study. Methods: To further the understanding of recent rates of biliary tract cancers, we used population-based data, to examine incidence and mortality during 2013 to 2017. We examined how rates varied by sex, age, race/ethnicity, U.S. census region, and stage at diagnosis. Results: Intrahepatic bile duct was the most common biliary tract cancer, with an incidence rate of 1.49 per 100,000 persons. Cancer incidence rates per 100,000 persons were 0.96 for extrahepatic bile duct, 0.45 for ampulla of Vater, and 0.24 for overlapping or other lesions of the biliary tract. Cancer death rates per 100,000 persons were 1.66 for intrahepatic bile duct and 0.45 for other biliary tract. Intrahepatic bile duct incidence and death rates were higher among males than females, higher among Hispanic and Asian and Pacific Islander persons compared with non-Hispanic Whites, and higher in the Northeast and in urban counties. Conclusions: This report provides national estimates of these rare biliary tract cancers. Impact: Key interventions targeted to high-risk populations may help reduce incidence and mortality of cancers of the biliary tract by improving primary prevention through strategies to reduce tobacco and alcohol use, control overweight and obesity, and promote hepatitis B vaccination and use of syringe service programs meant to curb the transmission of infectious diseases such as viral hepatitis.

Evolving Paradigms in the Systemic Treatment of Advanced Gallbladder Cancer: Updates in Year 2022

“…In addition to ethnicity, a host of other risk factors have been implicated in the development of GBC, including existing cholelithiasis, gender, older age, obesity, occupation, Salmonella infection, and genetic predisposition. In the United States, American Indian and Hispanic women have the highest incidence and mortality rates of GBC [ 3 ]. In more recent years, there has also been an increase in GBC incidence rates in the African American population [ 4 ].…”

Aging and biliary tract cancers: Epidemiology, molecular biology, and clinical practice

“…6,7 To date, the combination therapy with cisplatin (CDDP) and gemcitabine (Gem) is typically engaged to treat patients as the first-line chemotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. 8 Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the most common subtype of BTC [9][10][11] with an incidence rate of 1.49 per 100,000 persons 12 and accounted for 20% of liverrelated deaths. 13 Though most of iCCA are derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs), 14 iCCA can arise from a setting of viral hepatitis.…”

“…19,20 Both iCCA and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma exhibit higher incidence in non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander populations than non-Hispanic White people. 12 It is emerging that in BTC, disease incidence and mortality are higher in patients with age of 80 or older than young population with age of less than 50. 12 Of note, the human life has dramatically increased over the past decades and simultaneously, the incidence of a variety of diseases associated with aging also has emerged as the large challenge, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and other disorders.…”

“…12 It is emerging that in BTC, disease incidence and mortality are higher in patients with age of 80 or older than young population with age of less than 50. 12 Of note, the human life has dramatically increased over the past decades and simultaneously, the incidence of a variety of diseases associated with aging also has emerged as the large challenge, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and other disorders. The world population over 60 years old is expected to be approximately 1.2 billion with 12% of the general population in 2025 and will reach to 2 billion with 22% of the population by the middle of this century.…”

“…Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the most common subtype of BTC 9–11 with an incidence rate of 1.49 per 100,000 persons 12 and accounted for 20% of liver‐related deaths 13 . Though most of iCCA are derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs), 14 iCCA can arise from a setting of viral hepatitis.…”