2017
DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001456
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In vivo photoacoustic imaging of vasculature with a low-cost miniature light emitting diode excitation

Abstract: In this Letter, we present a photoacoustic imaging (PAI) system based on a low-cost high-power miniature light emitting diode (LED) that is capable of in vivo mapping vasculature networks in biological tissue. Overdriving with 200 ns pulses and operating at a repetition rate of 40 kHz, a 1.2 W 405 nm LED with a radiation area of 1000  μm×1000  μm and a size of 3.5  mm×3.5  mm was used to excite photoacoustic signals in tissue. Phantoms including black stripes, lead, and hair were used to validate the system in… Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(41 citation statements)
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“…Recently, pulsed laser diodes (PLDs) and light emitting diodes 4,17,18 have been reported as compact and less expensive alternatives for Nd:YAG lasers. High-frame rate (7000 fps) B-scan PA imaging was shown with PLDs using clinical ultrasound platform.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, pulsed laser diodes (PLDs) and light emitting diodes 4,17,18 have been reported as compact and less expensive alternatives for Nd:YAG lasers. High-frame rate (7000 fps) B-scan PA imaging was shown with PLDs using clinical ultrasound platform.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, although the absorption coefficient of hemoglobin is higher in 405 nm compared to 905 nm, available energies of NIR PLDs are higher than those in the visible range [5] , [43] , [45] . Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have also been reported as photoacoustic light sources [64] , [65] , however due to the larger divergence of LED beam compared to laser diodes, it is more challenging to obtain low-loss collimation and tight focusing of LED beam [65] . Moreover, PLDs can have shorter pulsewidths compared to LEDs, which leads to better axial resolution [65] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, in vivo tissue imaging has been proved for the¯rst time by LED-PAI. 91 In this study, a super-fast switching high-current LED driving circuit with a rise-time of 2.2 ns and a falltime of 3.5 ns operated at 200 ns pulses, a repetition rate of 40 kHz and provided 1.2 W output power at 405 nm. The LED-PAI system is schematically shown in Fig.…”
Section: Led-based Pai (Led-pai)mentioning
confidence: 99%