In vivo percutaneous absorption of fragrance ingredients in rhesus monkeys and humans

Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro

“…The extent to which these compounds can be absorbed through skin seems to vary in different model systems. Using an occluded monkey skin in vivo model, 65-71% of a dose of benzyl benzoate was absorbed after 24 h (Bronaugh et al, 1990). Similar absorption levels have been reported for benzyl salicylate when using an in vitro intact rat skin model, where after 24 h, doses of 1, 3 or 10% benzyl salicylate were absorbed at 63, 59 and 40%, respectively (Lapczynski et al, 2007).…”

Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro

“…The extent to which these compounds can be absorbed through skin seems to vary in different model systems. Using an occluded monkey skin in vivo model, 65-71% of a dose of benzyl benzoate was absorbed after 24 h (Bronaugh et al, 1990). Similar absorption levels have been reported for benzyl salicylate when using an in vitro intact rat skin model, where after 24 h, doses of 1, 3 or 10% benzyl salicylate were absorbed at 63, 59 and 40%, respectively (Lapczynski et al, 2007).…”

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

“…Under the State of California Proposition 65, there is no “safe harbor” or allowable level of benzophenone contamination in a product . This lack of forbearance is consistent with the danger of dermal absorption of benzophenone; 70% of the benzophenone in a dermatological product would be absorbed through skin and into the body . Dermal absorption of other benzophenones (e.g., oxybenzone) and octocrylene is a serious public health conundrum, finally recognized by the U.S. FDA. , …”

“…Based on the dermal absorption studies of benzophenone and its structurally similar sunscreen active ingredients of oxybenzone and avobezone, benzophenone that is associated with octocrylene products suggests that parts per million exposures and absorption of benzophenone could be expected. − Besides use of sunscreen for sun exposure, sunscreen marketing and advertising claims encourage daily and constant use of sunscreen to protect against the “perceived” dangers of “blue light”-induced dermal damage from LCD displays from computers and other personal devices as well as from light transmission through building and car windows. − If dermatologists and marketing propaganda are to be taken seriously, consumers would be using octocrylene-based sunscreens every day, with multiple reapplications through the day, throughout the entire year. Unlike the claims made by various propaganda sources in response to the two studies by Matta and co-workers that their exposure design in their two studies were unrealistic, benzophenone exposure concentration may easily exceed the 100 mg/kg/day. − …”

In Vitro Human Skin Penetration of Geraniol and Citronellol

“…37 In most cases, skin occlusion is recommended to lessen loss from evaporation. 38 Bronaugh and colleagues and Bronaugh and Stewart found significant increases in percutaneous absorption of the chemicals they studied in vitro under occluded versus non-occluded conditions, 29,32 and this was the case for linalool. The RIFM found a threefold increase in linalool absorption under occluded conditions as opposed to non-occluded conditions.…”

Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro

“…The extent to which these compounds can be absorbed through skin seems to vary in different model systems. Using an occluded monkey skin in vivo model, 65-71% of a dose of benzyl benzoate was absorbed after 24 h (Bronaugh et al, 1990). Similar absorption levels have been reported for benzyl salicylate when using an in vitro intact rat skin model, where after 24 h, doses of 1, 3 or 10% benzyl salicylate were absorbed at 63, 59 and 40%, respectively (Lapczynski et al, 2007).…”

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

“…Under the State of California Proposition 65, there is no “safe harbor” or allowable level of benzophenone contamination in a product . This lack of forbearance is consistent with the danger of dermal absorption of benzophenone; 70% of the benzophenone in a dermatological product would be absorbed through skin and into the body . Dermal absorption of other benzophenones (e.g., oxybenzone) and octocrylene is a serious public health conundrum, finally recognized by the U.S. FDA. , …”

“…Based on the dermal absorption studies of benzophenone and its structurally similar sunscreen active ingredients of oxybenzone and avobezone, benzophenone that is associated with octocrylene products suggests that parts per million exposures and absorption of benzophenone could be expected. − Besides use of sunscreen for sun exposure, sunscreen marketing and advertising claims encourage daily and constant use of sunscreen to protect against the “perceived” dangers of “blue light”-induced dermal damage from LCD displays from computers and other personal devices as well as from light transmission through building and car windows. − If dermatologists and marketing propaganda are to be taken seriously, consumers would be using octocrylene-based sunscreens every day, with multiple reapplications through the day, throughout the entire year. Unlike the claims made by various propaganda sources in response to the two studies by Matta and co-workers that their exposure design in their two studies were unrealistic, benzophenone exposure concentration may easily exceed the 100 mg/kg/day. − …”

In Vitro Human Skin Penetration of Geraniol and Citronellol

“…37 In most cases, skin occlusion is recommended to lessen loss from evaporation. 38 Bronaugh and colleagues and Bronaugh and Stewart found significant increases in percutaneous absorption of the chemicals they studied in vitro under occluded versus non-occluded conditions, 29,32 and this was the case for linalool. The RIFM found a threefold increase in linalool absorption under occluded conditions as opposed to non-occluded conditions.…”

Oestrogenic activity of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) in MCF7 human breast cancer cells in vitro

“…The extent to which these compounds can be absorbed through skin seems to vary in different model systems. Using an occluded monkey skin in vivo model, 65-71% of a dose of benzyl benzoate was absorbed after 24 h (Bronaugh et al, 1990). Similar absorption levels have been reported for benzyl salicylate when using an in vitro intact rat skin model, where after 24 h, doses of 1, 3 or 10% benzyl salicylate were absorbed at 63, 59 and 40%, respectively (Lapczynski et al, 2007).…”

Benzophenone Accumulates over Time from the Degradation of Octocrylene in Commercial Sunscreen Products

“…Under the State of California Proposition 65, there is no “safe harbor” or allowable level of benzophenone contamination in a product . This lack of forbearance is consistent with the danger of dermal absorption of benzophenone; 70% of the benzophenone in a dermatological product would be absorbed through skin and into the body . Dermal absorption of other benzophenones (e.g., oxybenzone) and octocrylene is a serious public health conundrum, finally recognized by the U.S. FDA. , …”

“…Based on the dermal absorption studies of benzophenone and its structurally similar sunscreen active ingredients of oxybenzone and avobezone, benzophenone that is associated with octocrylene products suggests that parts per million exposures and absorption of benzophenone could be expected. − Besides use of sunscreen for sun exposure, sunscreen marketing and advertising claims encourage daily and constant use of sunscreen to protect against the “perceived” dangers of “blue light”-induced dermal damage from LCD displays from computers and other personal devices as well as from light transmission through building and car windows. − If dermatologists and marketing propaganda are to be taken seriously, consumers would be using octocrylene-based sunscreens every day, with multiple reapplications through the day, throughout the entire year. Unlike the claims made by various propaganda sources in response to the two studies by Matta and co-workers that their exposure design in their two studies were unrealistic, benzophenone exposure concentration may easily exceed the 100 mg/kg/day. − …”

In Vitro Human Skin Penetration of Geraniol and Citronellol

“…37 In most cases, skin occlusion is recommended to lessen loss from evaporation. 38 Bronaugh and colleagues and Bronaugh and Stewart found significant increases in percutaneous absorption of the chemicals they studied in vitro under occluded versus non-occluded conditions, 29,32 and this was the case for linalool. The RIFM found a threefold increase in linalool absorption under occluded conditions as opposed to non-occluded conditions.…”