In vivo glucose monitoring: the clinical reality and the promise

Biosensors for health applications

“…Problems surrounding direct glucose analysis through excreted physiological fluids include a weak correlation between excreted fluids and blood glucose concentrations. Exercise and diet that alter glucose concentrations in the fluids also produce inaccurate results (Pickup et al, 2005). The desire to create an artificial pancreas drives for continued research efforts in the biosensor area.…”

Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose Levels: Is Exhaled Breath the Answer?

“…10,14 Although these noninvasive technologies have been demonstrated to be promising methods of estimating blood glucose levels, each method has limitations that restrict their usefulness and as such, few commercial systems are available. Many of these technologies monitor glucose levels in the ISF.…”

“…14,18 This technology has been used to measure blood glucose levels across the oral mucosa due to its high vascularity. Research using different wavelengths of light has been promising, however, the accuracy of the results obtained using this method is impeded by the interference of other molecules and scattering of light.…”

Reusable Glucose Sensor Based on Enzyme Immobilized Egg-shell Membrane

“…Some of them have been successfully implemented and are commercially available in the market. 14 However, the cost of each glucose sample measurement is still high, especially for commercially available strip-based glucose biosensors. The currently existing techniques also suffer from standardization difficulties, poor stability and specificity.…”