In vivo and in vitro 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat

4-Amino-2-chlorophenol: Comparative in vitro nephrotoxicity and mechanisms of bioactivation

“…3). These results are in agreement with the previously reported in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds in male Fischer 344 rats [8,14,17]. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds are in parallel and suggests that similar mechanisms of bioactivation and/or nephrotoxicity occur regardless of the nature of the exposure of the kidney to these compounds or their metabolites.…”

4-Amino-2-chlorophenol: Comparative in vitro nephrotoxicity and mechanisms of bioactivation

“…3). These results are in agreement with the previously reported in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds in male Fischer 344 rats [8,14,17]. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds are in parallel and suggests that similar mechanisms of bioactivation and/or nephrotoxicity occur regardless of the nature of the exposure of the kidney to these compounds or their metabolites.…”

Effects of Chronic Grayanotoxin-I Administration on Hepatic and Renal Functions in Rats.

“…Recent studies have shown that nephrotoxicity is caracterized by proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, etc. (13)(14)(15)(16). Therefore, the proteinuria and hematuria observed in our study may be ascribed to a nephrotoxic effect of acute GTX-I administration.…”

“…When the results of this study were evaluated in the light of the previous studies mentioned above (13)(14)(15)(16)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), it was concluded that exposure to a single dose of GTX-I led to nephrotoxicity characterized by hematuria and proteinuria together with reduced serum total protein level and hepatotoxicity, which occurred at only high doses.…”

Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds

“…These results indicated that the parent compound was directly toxic (190). A putative metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol, retained the nephrotoxic action of the parent (191). However, another possible metabolite, 3,5-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine, was the most potent inducer of hemoglobin oxidation, the parent 3,5-dichloroaniline was the least active, and 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol was intermediate in activity (192).…”

4-Amino-2-chlorophenol: Comparative in vitro nephrotoxicity and mechanisms of bioactivation

“…3). These results are in agreement with the previously reported in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds in male Fischer 344 rats [8,14,17]. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds are in parallel and suggests that similar mechanisms of bioactivation and/or nephrotoxicity occur regardless of the nature of the exposure of the kidney to these compounds or their metabolites.…”

Effects of Chronic Grayanotoxin-I Administration on Hepatic and Renal Functions in Rats.

“…Recent studies have shown that nephrotoxicity is caracterized by proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, etc. (13)(14)(15)(16). Therefore, the proteinuria and hematuria observed in our study may be ascribed to a nephrotoxic effect of acute GTX-I administration.…”

“…When the results of this study were evaluated in the light of the previous studies mentioned above (13)(14)(15)(16)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), it was concluded that exposure to a single dose of GTX-I led to nephrotoxicity characterized by hematuria and proteinuria together with reduced serum total protein level and hepatotoxicity, which occurred at only high doses.…”

Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds

“…These results indicated that the parent compound was directly toxic (190). A putative metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol, retained the nephrotoxic action of the parent (191). However, another possible metabolite, 3,5-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine, was the most potent inducer of hemoglobin oxidation, the parent 3,5-dichloroaniline was the least active, and 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol was intermediate in activity (192).…”

4-Amino-2-chlorophenol: Comparative in vitro nephrotoxicity and mechanisms of bioactivation

“…3). These results are in agreement with the previously reported in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds in male Fischer 344 rats [8,14,17]. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo nephrotoxic potential for these compounds are in parallel and suggests that similar mechanisms of bioactivation and/or nephrotoxicity occur regardless of the nature of the exposure of the kidney to these compounds or their metabolites.…”

Effects of Chronic Grayanotoxin-I Administration on Hepatic and Renal Functions in Rats.

“…Recent studies have shown that nephrotoxicity is caracterized by proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, etc. (13)(14)(15)(16). Therefore, the proteinuria and hematuria observed in our study may be ascribed to a nephrotoxic effect of acute GTX-I administration.…”

“…When the results of this study were evaluated in the light of the previous studies mentioned above (13)(14)(15)(16)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), it was concluded that exposure to a single dose of GTX-I led to nephrotoxicity characterized by hematuria and proteinuria together with reduced serum total protein level and hepatotoxicity, which occurred at only high doses.…”

Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds

“…These results indicated that the parent compound was directly toxic (190). A putative metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol, retained the nephrotoxic action of the parent (191). However, another possible metabolite, 3,5-dichlorophenylhydroxylamine, was the most potent inducer of hemoglobin oxidation, the parent 3,5-dichloroaniline was the least active, and 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol was intermediate in activity (192).…”