In the Eye of the Cyclops: The Classic Case of Cospeciation and Why Paradigms are Important

Brooks, Daniel R.; Hoberg, Eric P.; Boeger, Walter A.

doi:10.1654/4724c.1

Cited by 39 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…By infecting phylogenetically clustered hosts at both NTSTD* and STD* , half of the tested multihost parasites showed patterns consistent with host–parasite co‐evolution or the exploitation of hosts with conserved traits (Brooks et al . ). Three parasites infected hosts that were also phylogenetically clustered at STD* but not at NTSTD* , perhaps indicating susceptible hosts that have dispersed to areas outside the transmission zone (Heger & Jeschke ; Clark et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Integrating phylogenetic and ecological distances reveals new insights into parasite host specificity

Clark

Clegg

2017

Molecular Ecology

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The range of hosts a pathogen infects (host specificity) is a key element of disease risk that may be influenced by both shared phylogenetic history and shared ecological attributes of prospective hosts. Phylospecificity indices quantify host specificity in terms of host relatedness, but can fail to capture ecological attributes that increase susceptibility. For instance, similarity in habitat niche may expose phylogenetically unrelated host species to similar pathogen assemblages. Using a recently proposed method that integrates multiple distances, we assess the relative contributions of host phylogenetic and functional distances to pathogen host specificity (functional-phylogenetic host specificity). We apply this index to a data set of avian malaria parasite (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus spp.) infections from Melanesian birds to show that multihost parasites generally use hosts that are closely related, not hosts with similar habitat niches. We also show that host community phylogenetic ß-diversity (Pßd) predicts parasite Pßd and that individual host species carry phylogenetically clustered Haemoproteus parasite assemblages. Our findings were robust to phylogenetic uncertainty, and suggest that phylogenetic ancestry of both hosts and parasites plays important roles in driving avian malaria host specificity and community assembly. However, restricting host specificity analyses to either recent or historical timescales identified notable exceptions, including a 'habitat specialist' parasite that infects a diversity of unrelated host species with similar habitat niches. This work highlights that integrating ecological and phylogenetic distances provides a powerful approach to better understand drivers of pathogen host specificity and community assembly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Integrating phylogenetic and ecological distances reveals new insights into parasite host specificity

Clark

Clegg

2017

Molecular Ecology

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“…A considerable body of empirical evidence, however, demonstrates that cospeciation is relatively rare and is only one among a number of processes involved in host-parasite diversification; in any event, the idea of specificity (a microevolutionary phenomenon) is decoupled from macroevolutionary mechanisms in coevolution [28,[31][32][33]40]. Significantly, the model case for cospeciation, based on explorations of ectoparasitic lice (Phthiraptera) and pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) can best be described under the dynamic of EF, oscillation and the taxon pulse (for detailed discussion see [41]). Contrary to serving as an exemplar for cospeciation, processes linking evolution, ecology and biogeography accommodate insights about the age and history for the assemblage of contemporary pocket gophers and the nature of diversification in the gopherlouse model.…”

Section: Cospeciation Host Colonization and Emerging Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease

Hoberg

Brooks

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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234

215

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Climatological variation and ecological perturbation have been pervasive drivers of faunal assembly, structure and diversification for parasites and pathogens through recurrent events of geographical and host colonization at varying spatial and temporal scales of Earth history. Episodic shifts in climate and environmental settings, in conjunction with ecological mechanisms and host switching, are often critical determinants of parasite diversification, a view counter to more than a century of coevolutionary thinking about the nature of complex host–parasite assemblages. Parasites are resource specialists with restricted host ranges, yet shifts onto relatively unrelated hosts are common during phylogenetic diversification of parasite lineages and directly observable in real time. The emerging Stockholm Paradigm resolves this paradox: Ecological Fitting ( EF )—phenotypic flexibility and phylogenetic conservatism in traits related to resource use, most notably host preference—provides many opportunities for rapid host switching in changing environments, without the evolution of novel host-utilization capabilities. Host shifts via EF fuel the expansion phase of the Oscillation Hypothesis of host range and speciation and, more generally, the generation of novel combinations of interacting species within the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution. In synergy, an environmental dynamic of Taxon Pulses establishes an episodic context for host and geographical colonization.

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“…The Fergusobia/Fergusonina mutualism is a good example of the 'parasite paradox', where parasites are resource specialists and therefore have restricted host ranges, but host shifts are common (Brooks & Hoberg, 2015). A new model of evolution of diversification in parasites, the Stockholm Paradigm, has recently been put forward by Brooks & Hoberg (2015).…”

Section: Evolution Of Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A new model of evolution of diversification in parasites, the Stockholm Paradigm, has recently been put forward by Brooks & Hoberg (2015). They have proposed four mechanisms for parasite diversification, and it is of interest to see how these might relate to Fergusobia.…”

Section: Evolution Of Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Galling problems – the Fergusobia nematode/Fergusonina fly mutualism on myrtaceous hosts

Davies

Taylor

et al. 2016

Nematol

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Fergusobia (Sphaerularioidea, Tylenchida) is the only known nematode to have a dicyclic life cycle with a generation in a plant (a myrtaceous host) followed by one in an insect (a Fergusonina fly: Diptera, Fergusoninidae). The nematode and fly have a mutualistic association, with the nematode inducing a plant gall on which the fly feeds and develops, and the fly providing transport for the nematode. The life cycle, specificity, diversity and distribution of the nematode are described, and the nematode phylogeny is discussed. Fergusobia is monophyletic but its origins are unclear. This paper raises questions about Fergusobia, including: what model best accounts for evolution of the known diversity of the nematode/fly mutualism?; how are the nematode/fly life cycles coordinated?; how do the nematodes avoid resistance mechanisms of both flies and plants?; what cecidogenic processes does the nematode use?; and what is the form of parthenogenesis occurring in Fergusobia and how does it relate to the inheritance of variability? Given the models of genomes and transcriptomes now available for other plant-parasitic nematodes and the availability of technologies to examine Fergusobia, it should be possible to answer some of these questions and begin to understand how Fergusobia nematodes might have evolved.larva and a number of associated nematodes. This was the first report of a nematode from galls on myrtaceous plants. Later, the nematode was described by G.A. Currie in the new genus Fergusobia and specimens from Eucalyptus stuartiana (now E. bridgesiana) were described as F . tumifaciens (Currie, 1937). Currie found males and parthenogenetic females, but the infective pre-parasitic female was not recognised until John Fisher made an ex-

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In the Eye of the Cyclops: The Classic Case of Cospeciation and Why Paradigms are Important

Cited by 39 publications

References 37 publications

Integrating phylogenetic and ecological distances reveals new insights into parasite host specificity

Integrating phylogenetic and ecological distances reveals new insights into parasite host specificity

Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease

Galling problems – the Fergusobia nematode/Fergusonina fly mutualism on myrtaceous hosts

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