In-situ QCM-D analysis reveals four distinct stages during vapour phase polymerisation of PEDOT thin films

Fabretto, Manrico; Müller, Michael; Hall, Colin; Murphy, Peter; Short, Robert D.; Griesser, Hans J.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.019

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…For VPP of EDOT, similar increase in the polymerization rate has been recorded before the final stage of the polymerization characterized by slow film growth rate. 28 Fabretto et al offered a possible explanation for this phenomenon. 28 According to this explanation, the removal of an electron from the monomer that is necessary for polymer growth must proceed through the conducting PEDOT after formation of the initial PEDOT layer on the oxidant, rather than directly from monomer to oxidant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…5,28 Lower conductivities have been attributed to a drop in pH during the reaction due to the evaporation of basic pyridine from the oxidant layer, which may facilitate unwanted sidereactions. 5 Acid-initiated side reactions, such as EDOT polymerization with formation of nonconjugated polymer and dioxane ring cleavage, are likely sources of disruption in highly conductive film formation.…”

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fabretto et al observed smaller conductivities in the later growth stages of VPP PEDOT when only poly(ethylene glycol-ran-propylene glycol) was added to the Fe(OTs) 3 solution. 28 As a possible explanation, the authors claimed that in the early slow growth period, the polymer is highly doped and possesses good order and alignment. However, later the doping level decreases due to faster reaction rate and an increase in the number of conjugation defects in the polymer backbone.…”

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Growth of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) films prepared by base‐inhibited vapor phase polymerization

Metsik

Saal

Mäeorg

et al. 2014

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Transparent [90% transmittance at 550 nm at a sheet resistance (R s ) of 279 X sq 21 ] poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films with electrical conductivities up to 1354 S cm 21 are prepared using base-inhibited vapor phase polymerization at atmospheric pressure. The influence of reaction conditions, such as temperature and growth time, on the film formation is investigated. A simple and convenient twoelectrode method is used for the in situ measurement of resistance, enabling to investigate the growth mechanism of polymer films and the influence of different parameters (relative humidity and the amount of oxidant) on the film growth. Low humidity exerts a detrimental effect on film growth and conductivity. In situ R s measurements suggest that a large structural change occurs upon washing the PEDOT-oxidant film.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Growth of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) films prepared by base‐inhibited vapor phase polymerization

Metsik

Saal

Mäeorg

et al. 2014

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…[ 126 ] Upon the basis of the pioneering work on the VPP technique by Winther-Jensen et al, [ 127 ] recent developments have widely seen the conductivity of PEDOT exceeded 1000 S cm −1 . [128][129][130][131][132][133] Fabretto et al [ 133 ] synthesis PEDOT fi lms on Fe(III) Tosylate (Fe(Tos) 3 )/glycol coated substrates through a vacuum VPP technique, producing a maximum conductivity of ca. 3400 S cm −1 , which compared favorably to ITO and its currently touted replacements.…”

Section: Other Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review

Shi

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2015

Adv Elect Materials

936

812

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The rapid development of novel organic technologies has led to significant applications of the organic electronic devices such as light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, and field‐effect transistors. There is a great need for conducting polymers with high conductivity and transparency to act as the charge transport layer or electrical interconnect in organic devices. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS), well‐known as the most remarkable conducting polymer, has this role owing to its good film‐forming properties, high transparency, tunable conductivity, and excellent thermal stability. In this Review, various of interesting physical and chemical approaches that can effectively improve the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS are summarized, focusing especially on the mechanism of the conductivity enhancement as well as applications of PEDOT:PSS films. Prospects for future research efforts are also provided. It is expected that PEDOT:PSS films with high conductivity and transparency could be the focus of future organic electronic materials breakthroughs.

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“…28 Mechanistic studies of the polymer film growth mechanism during the VPP process have been done by tracking the mass and conductivity changes of the growing film. 29,30 Figure 3 shows the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and 4-point probe conductivity measurements recorded during polymerization of PPy on iron(III) tosylate. The quartz crystal and 4-point probe were coated with iron(III) tosylate from a 5% solution in butanol and placed inside the pyrrole vapor filled container after drying the probes.…”

Section: Overview Of Oxidative Vapor Phase Synthesis Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor phase oxidative synthesis of conjugated polymers and applications

Bhattacharyya

Howden

Borrelli

et al. 2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

113

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Since their discovery, electrically conductive polymers have gained immense interest both in the fields of basic and applied research. Despite their vast potential in the fabrication of efficient, flexible, and low-cost electronic and optoelectronic devices, they are often difficult to process by wetchemical methods due to their very low to poor solubility in organic solvents. The use of vapor-based synthetic routes, in which conductive polymers can be synthesized and deposited as a thin film directly on a substrate from the vapor phase, provides many unique advantages. This article discusses oxidative vapor deposition processes, primarily vapor phase polymerization and oxidative chemical vapor deposition, of conjugated polymers and their applications. The mild operating conditions (near room temperature processing) allow conformal and functional coatings of conjugated polymers on delicate substrates.

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In-situ QCM-D analysis reveals four distinct stages during vapour phase polymerisation of PEDOT thin films

Cited by 36 publications

References 48 publications

Growth of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) films prepared by base‐inhibited vapor phase polymerization

Growth of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) films prepared by base‐inhibited vapor phase polymerization

Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review

Vapor phase oxidative synthesis of conjugated polymers and applications

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