Abstract:Successful
synthesis of glyconanoparticles has attracted much attention
due to their various biointeractive capabilities, but it is still
a challenge to understand different single-cell responses to exogenous
particles among cell populations. Herein, we designed polyaniline-containing
galactosylated gold nanoparticles (Au@PGlyco NPs) via in situ polymerization
of ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside assisted by Au nucleation.
The nanogold-carrying polyaniline block produced electromagnetic enhancement
in surface-en… Show more
“…EDS mapping analysis (Figure S3a) showed that the N and Fe elements of the organic materials were colocalized around the surface of a Au nanorod (Figure S3b,c) and also appeared within its body area. Compared with Au solid particles in the TEM measurement (Figure f), an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles (Figure S4) was attributed to the existence of an organic coating on the surface of the Au nanorods …”
The
facile and straightforward fabrication of NIR-responsive theranostic
materials with high biocompatibility is still an unmet need for nanomedicine
applications. Here, we used a natural photosensitizer, iron chlorophyll
(Chl/Fe), for the J-aggregate template-assisted synthesis of Au@Chl/Fe
nanorods with high stability. The assembly of a high amount of Chl/Fe
J-aggregate onto the Au surface enabled red–NIR fluorescence
for monitoring and tracking residential tumor lesions. The Chl/Fe
moieties condensed on the nanorods could change the redox balance
by the photon induction of reactive oxygen species and attenuate iron-mediated
lipid peroxidation by inducing a Fenton-like reaction. After conjugation
with carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) to target the glycoprotein receptor
on T24 bladder cancer (BC) cells, the enhanced delivery of Au@Chl/Fe-CPBA
nanorods could induce over 85% cell death at extremely low concentrations
of 0.16 ppm[Au] at 660 nm and 1.6 ppm[Au] at
785 nm. High lipid peroxidation, as shown by BODIPY staining and GSH
depletion, was observed when treated T24 cells were exposed to laser
irradiation, suggesting that preliminary photodynamic therapy (PDT)
can revitalize Fenton-like reaction-mediated chemodynamic ferroptosis
in T24 cells. We also manipulated the localized administration of
Au@Chl-Fe combined with PDT at restricted regions in orthotopic tumor-bearing
mice to cure malignant BC successfully without recurrence. By intravesical
instillation of the Au@Chl/Fe-CPBA nanorods, this localized treatment
could prevent the material from entering the systemic circulation,
thus minimizing systemic toxicity. Upon activating NIR-PDT-elicited
chemodynamic therapy, ultrasound imaging revealed almost complete
tumor remission. Anti-tumor efficacy and survival benefit were achieved
with a green photosensitizer.
“…EDS mapping analysis (Figure S3a) showed that the N and Fe elements of the organic materials were colocalized around the surface of a Au nanorod (Figure S3b,c) and also appeared within its body area. Compared with Au solid particles in the TEM measurement (Figure f), an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles (Figure S4) was attributed to the existence of an organic coating on the surface of the Au nanorods …”
The
facile and straightforward fabrication of NIR-responsive theranostic
materials with high biocompatibility is still an unmet need for nanomedicine
applications. Here, we used a natural photosensitizer, iron chlorophyll
(Chl/Fe), for the J-aggregate template-assisted synthesis of Au@Chl/Fe
nanorods with high stability. The assembly of a high amount of Chl/Fe
J-aggregate onto the Au surface enabled red–NIR fluorescence
for monitoring and tracking residential tumor lesions. The Chl/Fe
moieties condensed on the nanorods could change the redox balance
by the photon induction of reactive oxygen species and attenuate iron-mediated
lipid peroxidation by inducing a Fenton-like reaction. After conjugation
with carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) to target the glycoprotein receptor
on T24 bladder cancer (BC) cells, the enhanced delivery of Au@Chl/Fe-CPBA
nanorods could induce over 85% cell death at extremely low concentrations
of 0.16 ppm[Au] at 660 nm and 1.6 ppm[Au] at
785 nm. High lipid peroxidation, as shown by BODIPY staining and GSH
depletion, was observed when treated T24 cells were exposed to laser
irradiation, suggesting that preliminary photodynamic therapy (PDT)
can revitalize Fenton-like reaction-mediated chemodynamic ferroptosis
in T24 cells. We also manipulated the localized administration of
Au@Chl-Fe combined with PDT at restricted regions in orthotopic tumor-bearing
mice to cure malignant BC successfully without recurrence. By intravesical
instillation of the Au@Chl/Fe-CPBA nanorods, this localized treatment
could prevent the material from entering the systemic circulation,
thus minimizing systemic toxicity. Upon activating NIR-PDT-elicited
chemodynamic therapy, ultrasound imaging revealed almost complete
tumor remission. Anti-tumor efficacy and survival benefit were achieved
with a green photosensitizer.
“…According to another work, Chia et al [ 126 ] created polyaniline (PANI)-containing glycopolymer gold nanoparticles (Au@PGlyco NPs) by in situ polymerization of ortho-nitrophenyl- β -galactoside with the assistance of Au nucleation. An electromagnetic boost in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was seen when the nano-Au-carrying polyaniline block was used.…”
“… Fig. 11 a Au@PGlyco SERS spectra [ 126 ]. b orientation and immobilization of O -cyanate chain-end functionalized sialyllactose-containing glycopolymers for microarray and SPR applications via isourea bond formation [ 127 ] …”
Glycopolymer materials have emerged as a significant biopolymer class that has piqued the scientific community's attention due to their potential applications. Recently, they have been found to be a unique synthetic biomaterial; glycopolymer materials have also been used for various applications, including direct therapeutic methods, medical adhesives, drug/gene delivery systems, and biosensor applications. Therefore, for the next stage of biomaterial research, it is essential to understand current breakthroughs in glycopolymer-based materials research. This review discusses the most widely utilized synthetic methodologies for glycopolymer-based materials, their properties based on structure–function interactions, and the significance of these materials in biosensing applications, among other topics. When creating glycopolymer materials, contemporary polymerization methods allow precise control over molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, chemical activity, and polymer architecture. This review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and complexities of glycopolymer-based biosensors, in addition to their potential applications in the future.
Graphical Abstract
“…The evasion of immune surveillance and programmed cell death are two important factors that promote BC progression. Despite the utility of active intervention by transurethral resection and intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) [ 2 , 3 ], which could partially suppress BC progression, 20% of patients still developed muscle-invasive BC and were insensitive to monotherapy [ 4 ]. Unfortunately, programmed death-ligand 1, a coinhibitory factor of the immune response, is highly expressed in BC, resulting in an immunosuppressive “cold tumor” environment that diminishes immunotherapy efficacy [ 5 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, designing a multitarget treatment strategy could provide new insights into eradicating BC progression. Recently, there has been widespread interest in the development of new theranostic nanoagents for exploring a noninvasive treatment modality for BC, which could enhance detection and therapeutic efficiency because the unique crosstalk of the cellular response to active uptake, penetration, and circulation relies on the size and shape effects of small particles [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The extensive surface chemistry of nanoparticles as a result of surface modification, in contrast to the complicated synthesis of organic derivatives, is beneficial for the targeted delivery of drugs to achieve high accumulation in a lesion and prevent clearing by the reticuloendothelial system [8,9,12].…”
The escape of bladder cancer from immunosurveillance causes monotherapy to exhibit poor efficacy; therefore, designing a multifunctional nanoparticle that boosts programmed cell death and immunoactivation has potential as a treatment strategy. Herein, we developed a facile one-pot coprecipitation reaction to fabricate cluster-structured nanoparticles (CNPs) assembled from Fe3O4 and iron chlorophyll (Chl/Fe) photosensitizers. This nanoassembled CNP, as a multifunctional theranostic agent, could perform red-NIR fluorescence and change the redox balance by the photoinduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuate iron-mediated lipid peroxidation by the induction of a Fenton-like reaction. The intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs modified with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) may target the BC wall through glycoproteins in the BC cavity, allowing local killing of cancer cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced singlet oxygen and causing chemodynamic therapy (CDT)-mediated ferroptosis. An interesting possibility is reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory after PDT-CDT treatment, which was demonstrated by the reduction of PD-L1 (lower “off” signal to the effector immune cells), IDO-1, TGF-β, and M2-like macrophages and the induction of CD8+ T cells on BC sections. Moreover, the intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs may enhance the large-area distribution on the BC wall, improving antitumor efficacy and increasing survival rates from 0 to 91.7%. Our theranostic CNPs not only demonstrated combined PDT-CDT-induced cytotoxicity, ROS production, and ferroptosis to facilitate treatment efficacy but also opened up new horizons for eliminating the immunosuppressive effect by simultaneous PDT-CDT.
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