In Situ Determination of Urea in Milk Employing a Portable and Low-Cost LED Photometer

Suarez, Willian Toito; Alvarenga, Benedito Roberto de; Franco, Mathews de Oliveira Krambeck; Gabriel, Wesley Lira; Oliveira, Denílson Mendes de; Santos, Vagner Bezerra dos

doi:10.1007/s12161-017-1087-8

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…An ideal detector is one that responds in a wide wavelength range with high sensitivity and speed, has a linear response range and low noise, reduces sample consumption, and allows miniaturization 28 . To achieve this, photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), photodiode detector array (PDA), charge-coupled device (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semi-conductors (CMOS), and paired emitter detector diode (PEDD) have been developed 25 , 29 . Miniaturized spectrophotometers suffer from low detection sensitivity due to limited optical path length 30 , so approaches such as multireflection cells 31 , microfluidic systems, axial-direction 32 , liquid-core waveguides 33 , confined drop-based systems, and cavity ring-down spectroscopy 34 have been developed to improve sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A paired emitter–detector diode-based photometer for the determination of sodium hypochlorite adulteration in milk

Bastan

Ahmadi

Madrakian

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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This paper reports on developing a low cost but efficient paired emitter–detector diode (PEDD)-based photometer. The photometer consists of a white light-emitting diode (LED) as the emitter diode, an RGB LED as the detector diode, and a multimeter for recoding the signal. The developed PEDD-based photometer was utilized for the determination of liquid bleach adulteration in cow milk samples. N,N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate aqueous solution of pH 6 was used as a probe to monitor the presence of residual active chlorine in milk. The results showed that the developed method could be used to determine sodium hypochlorite in the concentration range of 0.5 to 20.0 ppm Cl2 with 0.14 and 0.46 ppm Cl2 limit of detection and limit of quantification, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions of the method at two concentration levels of 5.5 and 13.7 ppm Cl2 were 1.04% and 0.52%, and 1.81% and 1.02%, respectively. The recoveries of 114.2% and 106.9% were obtained for 5.5 and 13.7 ppm Cl2 concentrations levels, respectively. Real sample analyzes results showed that “maybe” liquid bleach adulteration in milk is the case for local distributors of raw milk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, multi-channel photometers utilize optical filters for each channel. Thus, these instruments have been designed to detect only one analyte (or a variety of analytes of the same absorbance characteristics) 29 , 44 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A paired emitter–detector diode-based photometer for the determination of sodium hypochlorite adulteration in milk

Bastan

Ahmadi

Madrakian

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…[ 6–8 ] In medical and food sciences, the urea concentration in blood and urine is used as a biomarker for diagnosing kidney and liver diseases, and in milk and animal feedstuff, it is used as a quality control indicator. [ 9,10 ] Thus, the incessant monitoring of urea concentration is crucial for ecological maintenance, deterrence of soil acidification, eutrophication of water bodies, [ 9 ] and early diagnosing of diseases and quality of feedstuff.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and development of a simple and highly sensitive anthocyanin‐based sensing device for colorimetric urea determination

Haq

Aghajamali

2022

Can J Chem Eng

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We introduce a rapid anthocyanin-based paper sensor with very high sensitivity and optical visibility for colorimetric detection of urea. The working principle is based on a colour change from purple to blue upon sensor exposure to ammonia generated from urea hydrolysis in the presence of urease as a catalyst. To improve sensor sensitivity and optical visibility, anthocyanin storage, urease solvent, urea hydrolysis time, and temperature were investigated. The results indicated that the anthocyanin extracted from red cabbage and stored in dark and low-temperature conditions, urease extracted into water 55 + glycerol 45 (Aq 55 + G 45 ), and urea hydrolysis time of 40 min and temperature of 45 C offer the best detection condition. The fabricated sensor showed exceptional sensitivity of 0.018 pixel/mg urea-N/L with a very low limit of detection (2.01 mg urea-N/L) and a limit of quantification (6.71 mg urea-N/L). Moreover, the sensor reaction zone is optically visible for urea concentration as low as 5 mg urea-N/L, making it a promising tool for urea screening in diverse applications. The unique analytical features and accuracy of the sensor compared to the spectrophotometry method also suggest that it can be used as a replacement for environmentally unfriendly spectrophotometry methods for on-site urea determination.

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“…A comparative study on urea hydrolysis when urease is in solution or immobilized on a solid support is of interest, with the aim of determining urease stability and reusability. Among the samples applied, selective urea nitrate in solution was performed in a polymer matrix composed of poly(acrylamide) hydrogel [41], and the employment of portable, low-cost devices for in situ determination of urea has already been addressed in milk [42] and blood [43] matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NQS-Doped PDMS Solid Sensor: From Water Matrix to Urine Enzymatic Application

et al. 2021

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The development of in situ analytical devices has gained outstanding scientific interest. A solid sensing membrane composed of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) derivatizing reagent embedded into a polymeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite was proposed for in situ ammonium (NH4+) and urea (NH2CONH2) analysis in water and urine samples, respectively. Satisfactory strategies were also applied for urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea, either in solution or glass-supported urease immobilization. Using diffuse reflectance measurements combined with digital image processing of color intensity (RGB coordinates), qualitative and quantitative analyte detection was assessed after the colorimetric reaction took place inside the sensing membrane. A suitable linear relationship was found between the sensor response and analyte concentration, and the results were validated by a thymol-PDMS-based sensor based on the Berthelot reaction. The suggested sensing device offers advantages such as rapidity, versatility, portability, and employment of non-toxic reagents that facilitate in situ analysis in an energy-efficient manner.

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In Situ Determination of Urea in Milk Employing a Portable and Low-Cost LED Photometer

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

A paired emitter–detector diode-based photometer for the determination of sodium hypochlorite adulteration in milk

A paired emitter–detector diode-based photometer for the determination of sodium hypochlorite adulteration in milk

Design and development of a simple and highly sensitive anthocyanin‐based sensing device for colorimetric urea determination

NQS-Doped PDMS Solid Sensor: From Water Matrix to Urine Enzymatic Application

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