In silico and in vitro inhibition of host-based viral entry targets and cytokine storm in COVID-19 by ginsenoside compound K

Boopathi, Vinothini; Nahar, Jinnatun; Murugesan, Mohanapriya; Subramaniyam, Sathiyamoorthy; Kong, Byoung Man; Choi, Sung-Keun; Lee, Chang-Soon; Ling, Li; Yang, Dong Uk; Yang, Deok Chun; Mathiyalagan, Ramya; Chan Kang, Se

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19341

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…The most susceptible to CK exposure were Hk-1 cells (a cell line used to study nasopharyngeal carcinoma), as 41.1–88.0% of cell mortality was seen at low levels (10–20 μM) [ 35 ]. Boopathi et al reported that CK exhibits negligible cytotoxic effect on A549 lung cancer cells, Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells at 12.5 μg/mL, whereas normal cell Raw 264.7 demonstrated less toxicity at 6.25 μg/mL [ 36 ]. At concentrations ranging from 8 to 64 μmol/L, compound K inhibited the growth of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner; the dosage that produced 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) was 32 μmol/L [ 37 ].…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics Safety and Toxicological Studies Of Ck And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Morshed,

Akter,

Karim

et al. 2024

CIMB

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Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.

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Section: Pharmacokinetics Safety and Toxicological Studies Of Ck And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Morshed,

Akter,

Karim

et al. 2024

CIMB

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The most susceptible to CK exposure were Hk-1 cells (a cell line used to study nasopharyngeal carcinoma), as 41.1-88.0% of cell mortality was seen at low levels (10-20 µM) [35]. Boopathi et al reported that CK exhibits negligible cytotoxic effect on A549 lung cancer cells, Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells at 12.5 µg/mL, whereas normal cell Raw 264.7 demonstrated less toxicity at 6.25 µg/mL [36]. At concentrations ranging from 8 to 64 µmol/L, compound K inhibited the growth of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner; the dosage that produced 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) was 32 µmol/L [37].…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics Safety and Toxicological Studies Of Ck And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Morshed,

Akter,

Mahmud

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK), is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development as well as ginsenosides-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bio-conversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signal-ing pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.

show abstract

In silico and in vitro inhibition of host-based viral entry targets and cytokine storm in COVID-19 by ginsenoside compound K

Cited by 2 publications

References 72 publications

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

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