The biological significance of human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is now beyond its initial concepts on the fetal-maternal immune regulation. HLA-G in various pathophysical conditions has been investigated, such as autoimmunity, tumor, inflammation and transplantation. HLA-G has also been postulated as a chemotherapy response marker both in protein and in genetic contexts. In the current study, a total of 640 Chinese Han and 258 Chinese She ethnic minority populations had been genotyped for the 14 bp insertion (114 bp) and deletion (214 bp) polymorphism in the HLA-G gene. Significant difference was observed for both the 114 bp/114 bp (15.2% in the Han and 6.6% in the She; P ¼ 0.00048, P c ¼ 0.00097) and 214 bp/214 bp (34.5% in the Han and 50.4% in the She; P ¼ 1.05 Â 10 25 , P c ¼ 2.1 Â 10 25 ) genotypes between the two populations, and similar significance was found for both 114 bp (40.3% in the Han and 28.1% in the She) and 214 bp allele distributions (P ¼ 1.2 Â 10 26 , P c ¼ 2.4 Â 10 26 ). Furthermore, frequencies of the 14 bp genotype and alleles both in the Chinese Han and in the Chinese She populations were compared with other ethnic populations. Data showed that dramatic variations between different ethnic populations were also observed for this polymorphism. In summary, our results indicate that heterogeneity of the 14 bp polymorphism in the HLA-G gene among different ethnic populations is possibly the result of evolution.Recently, a 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs16375) in exon 8 in the 3#-untranslated region (3#UTR) of the HLA-G gene has gained its interest. Studies indicated that the 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism was associated with HLA-G mRNA stability and isoform alternative splicing pattern and then influenced HLA-G mRNA expression or detection of soluble HLA-G (5-7). Functions of HLA-G in fetalmaternal immune maintenance had been well documented, suggesting that HLA-G serves as a protection factor for fetus from maternal allorecognition by modulating both the functions of immune component cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, T lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells and the cytokine balance during pregnancy (8-11).