Improving the performance of perovskite solar cells with carbon nanotubes as a hole transport layer

A comprehensive study of the optimization and comparison of cesium halide perovskite solar cells using ZnO and Cu2FeSnS4 as charge transport layers

“…SCAPS is flexible PV software that enables a broad variety of device topologies to be designed and investigated, using realistic and precise back-end physical equations to replicate photovoltaic activities such as light capture, exciton formation, charge transport, and recombination. 51–58 Poisson's equation (eqn (1)) relates to the charges of the electrostatic potential: 59 where ψ denotes the electric potential, ε r denotes the relative permittivity, ε 0 denotes the permittivity of free space, N D denotes donor density, N A denotes the density of ionized acceptors, n denotes the electron density, p denotes the hole density, ρ p denotes the hole distribution, ρ n denotes the electron distribution, and q denotes the electric charge.…”

Photovoltaic Performance Investigation of Cs3Bi2I9-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Various Charge Transport Channels Using DFT and SCAPS-1D Frameworks

“…In recent years, organic metal halide perovskites with the structural formula of AMX 3 (A = organic group; M = metal ion; and X = halide ions) have emerged as viable contenders for perovskite solar cell (PSC) technologies − due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties such as tunable band gap, high absorption coefficient, extended diffusion lengths, efficient charge transport, and long carrier lifetimes. − Although the lead-based perovskites show similar optical and electronic properties and have reached efficiencies exceeding 25%, which is comparable to that of crystalline silicon, their commercial application is still questionable due to the two major issues of toxicity and stability . These two factors drove the researchers to look for alternative materials for future PSCs considering the feasibility of commercialization. − Initially, tin (Sn) and germanium (Ge) were considered effective replacements for Pb-based perovskites due to the similarity in their valence shell electronic configuration (all three being group 14 elements) . However, the PCEs of Sn- and Ge-based PSCs are limited by their chemical and atmospheric instabilities in the desired oxidation state …”

Achieving above 24% efficiency with non-toxic CsSnI3 perovskite solar cells by harnessing the potential of the absorber and charge transport layers

“…The SCAPS-1D software was introduced by Professor M. Burgelman at the University of Gent and has been used to simulate different solar cell configurations. 51–59 The SCAPS-1D simulator uses fundamental semiconductor equations, in terms of the Poisson equations (eqn 1), and continuity equations for excitons (electrons and holes). 60,61 where Ψ denotes the electrostatic potential, e denotes electron charge, ε 0 denotes vacuum permittivity, ε r denotes relative permittivity, N D and N A denote donor and acceptor densities, respectively, p denotes the hole concentration, n denotes the electron concentration, ρ p denotes the hole distribution, and ρ n denotes the electron distribution.…”

“…The SCAPS-1D soware was introduced by Professor M. Burgelman at the University of Gent and has been used to simulate different solar cell congurations. [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] The SCAPS-1D simulator uses fundamental semiconductor equations, in terms of the Poisson equations (eqn 1), and continuity equations for excitons (electrons and holes). 60,61…”