Improving the environmental impact of civil aircraft by fuel cell technology: concepts and technological progress

Renouard-Vallet, Gwénaëlle; Saballus, Martin; Schmithals, Gerrit; Schirmer, Johannes; Kallo, Josef; Friedrich, K. Andreas

doi:10.1039/b925930a

Cited by 62 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The Antares DLR-H2 reached 2 558 m altitude. [6,7] 2009/10 DLR and Airbus identified potential uses of PEMFC as a multifunctional system for both on ground and cruise. For example, water and heat generation on board, and inerting jet fuel with cathode discharge deoxygenated gases.…”

Section: ] 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well recognized that PEMFC cannot meet power demands for the whole aircraft, hence it is considered as a secondary power sources or sometimes hybrid with batteries [1,27,28]. In addition to the APU application, potential PEMFC capabilities on board are recharging batteries, generating electrical power and heat, producing drinkable water, replacing Ram Air Turbine and supplying deoxygenated air for inerting [7,8,20,29]. Generating water, heat and inert gas could reduce take-off weight and thus save jet fuel.…”

Section: Multifunctional Pemfc For Aeronautic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, water and heat generation on board, and inerting jet fuel with cathode discharge deoxygenated gases. [7,20] Tested effects of aeronautic environmental effect on performance of PEMFC stack. Tests conducted were temperature, inclination, low pressure/high altitude, vibrations, oxygen content of the cathode exhaust gas and water generation.…”

Section: ] 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water and deoxygenated air can be used to generate water on-board and retard fire retardation on jet fuel tank respectively [7,8]. Heat generated can be used for hot water and ice prevention in freezing conditions [7]. Consequently, PEMFC is studied and marketed as multifunctional fuel cell (MFC) in order to appeal to a wider market [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The silent operation of fuel cells reduce noise in airports and alleviate hearing problems of airport personnel who are inadvertently exposed to high noise levels. Water and deoxygenated air can be used to generate water on-board and retard fire retardation on jet fuel tank respectively [7,8]. Heat generated can be used for hot water and ice prevention in freezing conditions [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PEMFC for aeronautic applications: A review on the durability aspects

et al. 2017

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) not only offer more efficient electrical energy conversion, relative to on-ground/backup turbines but generate by-products useful in aircraft such as heat for ice prevention, deoxygenated air for fire retardation and drinkable water for use on-board. Consequently, several projects (e.g. DLR-H2 Antares and RAPID2000) have successfully tested PEMFC-powered auxiliary unit (APU) for manned/unmanned aircraft. Despite the progress from flying PEMFC-powered small aircraft with 20 kW power output as high as 1 000 m at 100 km/h to 33 kW at 2 558 m, 176 km/h [1-3], durability and reliability remain key challenges. This review reports on the inadequate understanding of behaviour of PEMFC under aeronautic conditions and the lack of predictive methods conducive for aircraft that provide real-time information on the State of Health of PEMFCs. Highlights: The main research findings are -To minimize performance loss due to high altitude and inclination by adjusting cathode stoichiometric ratio. -To improve quality of oxygen-depleted air by controlling operating temperature and stoichiometric ratio. -Need to devise real time prediction methods conducive for determining PEMFC SoH in aircraft.

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Section: ] 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multifunctional Pemfc For Aeronautic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ] 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PEMFC for aeronautic applications: A review on the durability aspects

et al. 2017

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Aviation and Climate Change–The Continuing Challenge

Bows‐Larkin

Mander

Traut

et al. 2016

Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering

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The latest scientific framing of climate change emphasizes the importance of limiting cumulative emissions and the need to urgently cut CO 2 . International agreements on avoiding a 2 °C global temperature rise make clear the scale of CO 2 reductions required across all sectors. Set against a context of urgent mitigation, the outlook for aviation's emissions is one of continued growth. Limited opportunities to further improve fuel efficiency, slow uptake of new innovations, coupled with anticipated rises in demand across continents collectively present a huge challenge to aviation in cutting emissions. While difficulties in decarbonizing aviation are recognized by industry and policymakers alike, the gap between what's necessary to avoid 2 °C and aviation's CO 2 projections has profound implications. Biofuel is one of the few innovations that could play a significant role in closing the gap, but with low anticipated penetration before 2020 its contribution would have little impact over the desired timeframe. If the aviation sector does not urgently address rising emissions, there is an increasing risk that investment in new aircraft and infrastructure could lead to stranded assets. This leaves it facing an uncomfortable reality. Either the sector acts urgently on climate change and curtails rising demand, or it will be failing to take responsibility for a considerable and growing portion of climate change impacts.

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PEFC Systems for APU Applications

Samsun

2016

Fuel Cells : Data, Facts and Figures

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Improving the environmental impact of civil aircraft by fuel cell technology: concepts and technological progress

Cited by 62 publications

References 8 publications

PEMFC for aeronautic applications: A review on the durability aspects

PEMFC for aeronautic applications: A review on the durability aspects

Aviation and Climate Change–The Continuing Challenge

PEFC Systems for APU Applications

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