“…0 is the number of FCs joined in series in the pack; 0 , normal no-load voltage; , general gas constant (×101.325 kPa/(kmol•K)); T is the absolute temperature (K); 0 , current in FC stack (A); is Faraday's constant (C/kmol); KH 2 ,KH 2 O and KO 2 are the molar constants (kmol/(101.325 kPa•s)) of the hydrogen, water, and oxygen valves, respectively; K r , modeling constant (kmol/(s•A)); 2 , 2 and 2 are the partial pressure (×101.325 kPa) of hydrogen, water and oxygen, respectively; 2 is the hydrogen input flow (kmol/s) 2 is the oxygen input flow (kmol/s); r is the FC internal resistance (Ω); 2 , 2 and 2 are the hydrogen, oxygen and water time constants (s), respectively [25]. The is evaluated from the behaviour among the rate of reactant hydrogen and the FC current, which is a constant value:…”