Improving Maximal Strength in the Initial Postoperative Phase After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial of an App-Based Serious Gaming Approach

Abstract

Background Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery is one of the most common orthopedic procedures. One of the main factors that influence the outcome is regaining strength in the postoperative phase. Because anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries are often performed in young patients, we combined the concept of prehabilitation with an app-based serious gaming approach to improve maximal strength postoperatively. Objective Our objective was to conduct a prospective randomized trial to evaluate whether an app-based active muscle training program (GenuSport Knee Trainer) can improve postoperative strength by starting rehabilitation immediately after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Methods We designed a pilot study in which we randomly assigned patients receiving primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to either the serious gaming training (intervention) group or a conventional rehabilitation (control) group. Except for the serious gaming-based training, both groups followed the same postoperative treatment protocol. Outcome parameters were absolute and relative change in maximal strength, as well as the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee evaluation form, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Lysholm Knee Score. Results In total 26 patients agreed to participate (14 patients in the intervention group and 12 patients in the control group, 1 of whom was lost to follow-up). We noted a difference in absolute maximum strength between the exergaming intervention and the control groups. Mean maximum strength preoperatively was 155.1 (SD 79.2) N in the intervention group (n=14) and 157.0 (SD 40.8) N in the control group (n=11). Postoperative mean maximum strength was 212.8 (SD 78.5) N in the intervention group and 154.5 (SD 27.1) N in the control group. Mean absolute change in maximum strength was 57.7 (SD 95.2) N in the intervention group and –4.8 (22.2) N in the control group. The analysis of covariance model with absolute change as the dependent variable and treatment group and baseline maximum strength as covariates showed a relevant difference in relative change between treatment groups (intervention – control) of 59.7 N (95% CI 10.1-109.3; P=.02). Similarly to the absolute increase, the relative change in maximum strength was relevantly higher in the exergaming group. The mean relative change in maximum strength was 1.7 (SD 1.17) in the intervention group and 1 (SD 0.13) in the control group. No adverse events or problems were reported during the study period. Conclusions Implementation of an app-based active muscle training program in the early postoperative therapy scheme was associated with an improvement in maximal strength. Therefore, we considered the use of GenuSport training after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to be a helpful complement to rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery to improve strength in the early postoperative phase. To our knowledge this was the first study to analyze immediate postoperative serious gaming-based training with the GenuSport device based on strength improvement.

Exergames to improve Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Systematic review and GRADE evidence synthesis

“…Two studies investigated the comparison of exergames versus usual rehabilitation care with regard to pain, using the visual analogue scale. Of the two studies included (Ahmed et al, 2020;Gokeler et al, 2014), one reported a significant positive association (Clausen et al, 2020) which was not evidenced in the other study (Ahmed et al, 2020). The difference in grouped means for pain was 0.24 (95% CI = − 1.01 to 1.48; p < 0.75; I2 = 0%).…”

Surface Electromyography-Driven Therapeutic Gaming for Rehabilitation of Upper Extremity Weakness: A Pilot Study

“…Exergaming is well-tolerated with few adverse effects and is associated with improved adherence and motivation; however, most existing exergames are serious games emphasizing a specific physical movement or activity. 17–19,31,32 In contrast, our game is more fun and entertainment-focused, allowing patients to strengthen their muscles by using surface electromyography signals as game input without having to mentally focus on exercising. Furthermore, our therapeutic gaming platform may enhance patient engagement and motivation compared to simple visual biofeedback of muscle activation.…”

Effective Attentional Focus Strategies after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Commentary

“…In the former, the patient attends to a game on the tablet, rather than their body part, to control a flight course of an airplane with the aim to destroy balloons. 62 The second assumption is that once one starts to transition into the late rehabilitation phase, adding aspects to the environment (e.g., hurdle, ball, or an unstable surface) leads to a shift to an external focus of attention. 22 However, adding environmental factors do not shift the patient's attention to an external focus but simply refer to objects in the environment and not one's intended movement effect.…”