Improving Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles by Utilizing Nanomaterials

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as the new form of cellular communication have been demonstrated their potential use for disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. EVs are vesicles with a lipid bilayer and are present in various biofluids, such as blood, saliva and urine. Therefore, EVs have emerged as one of the most appealing sources for the discovery of clinical biomarkers. However, isolation of the target EVs from different biofluids is required for the use of EVs as diagnostic and therapeutic entities in clinical settings. Owing to their unique properties and versatile functionalities, nanomaterials have been widely investigated for EV isolation with the aim to provide rapid, simple, and efficient EV enrichment. Herein, this review presents the progress of nanomaterial-based isolations for EVs over the past five years (from 2017 to 2021) and discusses the use of nanomaterials for EV isolations based on the underlying mechanism in order to offer insights into the design of nanomaterials for EV isolations.

Comparative mitogenomic analyses provide evolutionary insights into the retrolateral tibial apophysis clade (Araneae: Entelegynae)

“…Frontiers in Genetics frontiersin.org Some hypotheses have been proposed for the cause of codon usage bias, and the main influencing factors for codon usage are the mutation pressure and natural selection. The higher frequency in the usage of AT than that of GC in the third codon positions has been observed in the RTA mitogenomes, as it was also found in non-RTA species (Li et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021) and insects (Abdoli et al, 2022). The average of the ENC values for all the PCGs of the RTA species was less than 35, which indicated a strong codon bias (Sharp et al, 1993).…”

“…Mitogenomic data have been widely used to explore phylogenetic relationships among different arthropod groups, e.g., spiders ( Kumar et al, 2020 ; Tyagi et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ), Acari ( Arribas et al, 2019 ) and insects ( Haran et al, 2013 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). The phylogenomic analyses presented in this paper represent the largest assessment of RTA phylogeny using mitogenome data in terms of the number of spider species.…”

Recent research on material-based methods for isolation of extracellular vesicles

“…Material-based EV isolation methods have gradually become a research hotspot. 20 These methods can improve the recovery and specificity of isolated EVs from complex biological samples, thus providing more possibilities for the application potential of EVs. Among them, according to the role of materials in isolation, they are mainly divided into two categories.…”

Nanomaterials Modulating the Fate of Dental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Involved in Oral Tissue Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

“…In recent years, the application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in stem cell-based therapeutic approaches in dentistry has also become increasingly widespread.EVs are phospholipid bilayer-encapsulated particles that can be secreted and released by almost all types of cells and are mainly classified into exosomes and microvesicles (MVs).EVs are essential information carriers and are often used as biomarkers for diagnosing, prognosis, and treating disease. 201 Sundaram et al developed ginger-derived nanovesicles (GiNVs) that have remarkable stability and can be used as therapeutic agents to ameliorate or prevent chronic periodontal disease, target Porphyromonas gingivalis, and minimize the occurrence of bone loss and inflammation. 202 Yin B et al investigated mesenchymal stem cells or platelet-rich plasma-derived EVs (MSC-Evs or PRP-Evs).…”