Improved Method for Extraction and LC-MS Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their <i>N</i>-Oxides in Honey:  Application to <i>Echium vulgare</i> Honeys

Betteridge, K.; Cao, Yu; Colegate, Steven M.

doi:10.1021/jf0480952

Cited by 97 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, compared to previous studies on J. vulgaris plants, a high number of PAs was detected simultaneously within a single genotype (Witte et al 1992;Macel et al 2002;Macel et al 2004;Kowalchuk et al 2006). This is in part due to the low concentrations of PAs that can be detected with LC-MS/MS in plant material compared to previously used GC-NPD and GC-MS techniques (Wuilloud et al 2004;Betteridge and Colegate 2005). Another advantage of LC-MS/ MS is that it can determine both N-oxides and tertiary amine directly, without the necessity of reduction of N-oxides to the corresponding tertiary amines, as is required for GC-based methods.…”

Section: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Joosten

Mulder²,

Klinkhamer

et al. 2009

Plant Soil

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Secondary metabolites like pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a crucial part in plant defense. We studied the effects of soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in roots and shoots of Jacobaea vulgaris. We used clones of two genotypes from a dune area (Meijendel), propagated by tissue culture and grown on two sterilized soils and sterilized soils inoculated with 5% of non-sterilized soil of either of the two soil-types. Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affected the composition of PAs. By changing the composition rather than the total concentration below and aboveground, plants have a more complex defense strategy than formerly thought. Interestingly, a stronger negative effect on plant growth was found in sterilized soils inoculated with their 'own' microbial community suggesting that pathogenic and/or other plant inhibiting microorganisms were adapted to their 'own' soil conditions.

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Section: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Joosten

Mulder²,

Klinkhamer

et al. 2009

Plant Soil

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“…Honey was shown to be another source of PA exposure; here it seems that the contamination may be due to the plant pollen, which is rich in PAs, being transferred by bees into the honey [Deinzer, Thomson, et al, 1977;Culvenor, Edgar, et al, 1981;Roeder, 1995Roeder, , 2000Edgar, Roeder, et al, 2002;Beales, Betteridge, et al, 2004;Boppré, Colgate, et al, 2005;Betteridge, Cao, et al, 2005]. Eggs from poultry exposed to PAs in PA-contaminated grain were also shown to be a possible source of PA exposure for humans [Edgar, Smith, 1999].…”

Section: Helmut Wiedenfeldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems

Wiedenfeld

2011

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

170

134

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“…Several SPE materials like Ergosil, C18-material and strong cation exchange (SCX) have been successfully applied . At present, the latter one (SCX) has become a frequently used tool especially in trace analysis of PAs in complex matrices such as honey (Mattocks, 1961;Betteridge, et al, 2005;Kempf et al, 2008, Zhou et al, 2010, Dübecke et al, 2011. A benefit of SCX-SPE is that simultaneously both PAs and PANOs can be trapped and specifically eluted.…”

Section: Solid Phase Extraction (Spe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

222

130

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. To date, approximately 600 different PAs are known. Results for 13,280 bulk honey and 1324 retail honey samples were provided to EFSA by one Member State and 351 feed samples were provided by a second Member State. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) performed estimates of both acute and chronic exposure to PAs through honey for three different age groups. Although there might be other sources of PA exposure, due to lack of data the CONTAM Panel was not able to quantify dietary exposure from food other than honey. A number of PAs were identified as being of particular importance for food and feed. Based on the present knowledge of metabolism, activation, DNA adduct-formation, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 1,2-unsaturated PAs may act as genotoxic carcinogens in humans. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel decided to apply the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10 % excess cancer risk (BMDL 10 ) of 70 µg/kg b.w. per day for induction of liver haemangiosarcomas by lasiocarpine in male rats was calculated as the reference point for comparison with the estimated dietary exposure. The CONTAM Panel concluded that there is a possible health concern for those toddlers and children who are high consumers of honey. There is generally a low risk of PA poisoning in livestock and companion animals in the EU as most PA poisonings reported recently are due to accidental exposure. © European Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feedEFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2406 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. They are typical plant secondary metabolites against herbivores. It has been estimated that approximately 6000 plant species world wide, representing 3 % of all flowering plants, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. PAs are mainly found in the distantly related angiosperm families of the Boraginaceae (all genera), Asteraceae (tribes Senecioneae and Eupatorieae) and Fabaceae (genus Crotalaria). The PA-content of plant material depends on a large number of factors (species, plant organ, harvest, storage, extraction procedures). Reported contents vary from trace amounts up to 19 % based on dry weight. The name pyrrolizidine is the chemical description of two-fused 5-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead. This motif is the central structure of a variety of PAs. PAs generally consist of an amino alcohol which is referred to as necine or necine base and an acid part which is called a necic acid. Most of the known PAs are este...

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Improved Method for Extraction and LC-MS Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides in Honey: Application to Echium vulgare Honeys

Cited by 97 publications

References 8 publications

Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: toxicity and problems

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

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