Improved Cell Viability and Biocompatibility of Bacterial Cellulose through in Situ Carboxymethylation

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural product with multiple properties, which has been utilized in tissue engineering. However, cell adhesion and proliferation are reported to be weaker on native BC, providing less support compared to other types of biomaterials, like collagen. To increase the biocompatibility and the medical performance of BC, in situ modification is used to add carboxymethyl group to BC. By partially changing the structure and physical properties of BC, carboxymethylation significantly increases cell affinity and viability, especially on the initial cell adhesion. Furthermore, in the in vivo implantation, the tissue reaction shows that carboxymethylation significantly increases the biocompatibility of BC, exhibiting better tissue condition and a lower inflammatory reaction which are proved through HE staining and immunohistochemistry. The data prove that in situ carboxymethylation is a simple and direct way of improving the performance of BC in medical applications.

High-Strength Collagen-Based Composite Films Regulated by Water-Soluble Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins and Water Annealing

“…For cell staining, cells were washed with PBS to remove FBS and cultured in DMEM/F-12 with 1,1′-dioctadecy1-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (10 μg mL –1 , DiI, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Cells were then successively incubated at 37 °C for 5 min and 4 °C for 15 min followed by washing twice with PBS before the addition of complete cell culture medium …”

“…Cells were then successively incubated at 37 °C for 5 min and 4 °C for 15 min followed by washing twice with PBS before the addition of complete cell culture medium. 34 2.9. Statistical Analysis.…”

Bacterial Cellulose-Based Blends and Composites: Versatile Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Therefore, properties like wettability, porosity and surface chemistry of BC need to be improved for tissue engineering applications. Several approaches have been recently employed to improve the biocompatibility of BC such as modified BC via carboxymethylation [ 58 ], BC modified with chitosan [ 59 , 60 ], silk fibroin-modified BC (SF) [ 61 ], BC scaffold with nano bioactive glass [ 62 ], inorganic calcium filled BC hydrogel scaffold [ 63 ], and kanamycin grafted regenerated BC membrane [ 64 ].…”

Bacterial cellulose matrices to develop enzymatically active paper

“…Moreover, cellulose contains available hydroxyl groups in its surface that provide the possibility of molecular adsorption by the formation of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions (Pahlevan et al 2018). In fact, BC has been used in the preparation of several composite materials for various applications, such as in electrical devices, batteries, biosensors, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical applications or electrochromic devices (Evans et al 2003;Kim et al 2011;Shi et al 2012;Ul-Islam et al 2012a, b;Hänninen et al 2015;Zhou et al 2019).…”