Implementation of the capability of synchrotron radiation in a study of detonation processes

Pruuél, É. R.; Тен, К. А.; Tolochko, B.P.; Merzhievskii, L. A.; Luk’yanchikov, L. A.; Aulchenko, V.; Zhulanov, V.; Титов, В.М.

doi:10.1134/s1028335813010035

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Here, we describe time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments, for the first time with sufficient fidelity, to determine carbon condensation kinetics within and immediately behind the hydrodynamic reaction zone of detonating hexanitrostilbene (HNS) from complementary analysis of both the Guinier and Porod/power-law regions of the scattering intensity. Our results affirm that SAXS offers a compelling experimental approach to observe carbon condensation kinetics (as suggested by, e.g., Aleshaev et al [16][17][18][19][20] in CHNO high explosives-an approach that is now rapidly evolving with recent instrumentation developments in synchrotron science that enable adequate statistics (over a suitable q-range) with nanosecond acquisition times.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Bagge‐Hansen

Lauderbach

Hodgin

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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The dynamics of carbon condensation in detonating high explosives remains controversial. Detonation model validation requires data for processes occurring at nanometer length scales on time scales ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds. A new detonation endstation has been commissioned to acquire and provide time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) from detonating explosives. Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) was selected as the first to investigate due to its ease of initiation using exploding foils and flyers, vacuum compatibility, high thermal stability, and stoichiometric carbon abundance that produces high carbon condensate yields. The SAXS data during detonation, collected with 300 ns time resolution, provide unprecedented signal fidelity over a broad q-range. This fidelity permits the first analysis of both the Guinier and Porod/power-law regions of the scattering profile during detonation, which contains information about the size and morphology of the resultant carbon condensate nanoparticles. To bolster confidence in these data, the scattering angle and intensity were additionally cross-referenced with a separate, highly calibrated SAXS beamline. The data show that HNS produces carbon particles with a radius of gyration of 2.7 nm in less than 400 ns after the detonation front has passed, and this size and morphology are constant over the next several microseconds. These data directly contradict previous pioneering work on RDX/TNT mixtures and TATB, where observations indicate significant particle growth (50% or more) continues over several microseconds. The power-law slope is about −3, which is consistent with a complex disordered, irregular, or folded sp2 sub-arrangement within a relatively monodisperse structure possessing radius of gyration of 2.7 nm after the detonation of HNS.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Bagge‐Hansen

Lauderbach

Hodgin

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…In this recent study, the HNS TR-SAXS patterns were integrated over 250 ns and lacked the time resolution to detect the carbon nanoparticle growth; subsequent single-bunch measurements on HNS detonations demonstrated that the formation or carbon particles of ∼7 nm in diameter occurs more rapidly than 300 ns but still did not probe the growth regime. This is significantly faster than previous TR-SAXS measurements, ,,− and thus much closer to the theoretical predictions of the Shaw–Johnson model and indirect experimental measurements. ,,, …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Specifically, TR-SAXS based measurements performed by Ten et al, Pruuel et al, and Rubtsov et al. suggest that the formation of carbon clusters several nanometers in diameter occurs over the course of several microseconds after the detonation front, ,,− whereas the Shaw–Johnson model predicted 1–2 orders of magnitude shorter formation times. For example, Ten et al reported maximum cluster diameters of ∼2.6 nm after >4 μs in a TATB-based explosive in explosive charges larger than those studied here with 0.5 μs sampling rates .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SAXS scattering technique allowed the structure of carbon clusters to be probed at the nano to meso length scales, providing details about the average particle size and composition. In particular, TR-SAXS was used to answer whether there is substantial growth of carbon clusters in the ∼50–2000 ns time scale for comparison to previous indirect measurements, ,,, recent TR-SAXS measurements, as well as modeling efforts, , or if carbon cluster formation continues into the microsecond time scale. ,,− The data were interpreted by a modification of the Shaw–Johnson model to understand the interplay between finite charge size, and how temporal dynamics of thermodynamic fields (e.g., pressure, density) affect the dynamics of carbon clustering. Together with TR-SAXS data, this modeling clarifies the important time scales of carbon cluster formation and provides insights into the chemical and physical transformation associated with detonation of insensitive carbon-rich HEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

et al. 2017

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The detonation of carbon-rich high explosives yields solid carbon as a major constituent of the product mixture, and depending on the thermodynamic conditions behind the shock front, a variety of carbon allotropes and morphologies may form and evolve. We applied time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) to investigate the dynamics of carbon clustering during detonation of PBX 9502, an explosive composed of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 5 wt % fluoropolymer binder. Solid carbon formation was probed from 0.1 to 2.0 μs behind the detonation front and revealed rapid carbon cluster growth which reached a maximum after ∼200 ns. The late-time carbon clusters had a radius of gyration of 3.3 nm which is consistent with 8.4 nm diameter spherical particles and matched particle sizes of recovered products. Simulations using a clustering kinetics model were found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements of cluster growth when invoking a freeze-out temperature, and temporal shift associated with the initial precipitation of solid carbon. Product densities from reactive flow models were compared to the electron density contrast obtained from TR-SAXS, and used to approximate the carbon cluster composition as a mixture of 20% highly ordered (diamond-like) and 80% disordered carbon forms, which will inform future product equation of state models for solid carbon in PBX 9502 detonation product mixtures.

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“…The processes within the explosive sample were studied using the synchrotron radiation (SR) diagnostics [8,9] which provides a shadow slit X-ray film with spatial resolution down to 0.1 mm and the time interval between frames is 0.496 µs. Thus, it was possible to trace the initiation from the stage of undisturbed state of the material to the development of the detonation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On peculiarities of near-threshold initiation of powder density explosive by air shock wave and by solid impactor

Kashkarov

Ершов

Pruuél

2016

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. The features of near-threshold mode of initiating by gas-tight piston and highenthalpy gas flow was evaluated for a powder density explosive PETN. Both methods lead to the development of detonation in about 10 µs time. The synchrotron radiation diagnostics have shown that the initial stages of the process were significantly different, that diversity being caused by the influence of the gas flow in the pores of the charge. In this work, the effect of the gas flow on the mode of initiation was studied experimentally.

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Implementation of the capability of synchrotron radiation in a study of detonation processes

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Measurement of carbon condensates using small-angle x-ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene

Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

On peculiarities of near-threshold initiation of powder density explosive by air shock wave and by solid impactor

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