“…In particular, QACs have been widely used as cationic disinfectants or biocidal coating to prevent the growth of microorganisms on the surface of materials including fibers, paints, filters, and packing films (Appendini & Hotchkiss, 2002;Kumar, Bhardwaj, Rawat, & Sabharwal, 2005;Son, Kim, Ravikumar, & Lee, 2006). This protective effect is achieved by the leaching of the bioactive QACs from the surface coating.…”