Impacts of industrial microwave and infrared drying approaches on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) quality and chemical components

Oduola, Abass A.; Bruce, Rebecca M.; Shafiekhani, Soraya; Atungulu, Griffiths G.

doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2022.10.010

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…While hot air drying is effective in retaining CBD content, it can lead to a significant reduction in terpene levels, by 80-90%, particularly at higher temperatures [24]. Moreover, infrared or microwave drying can led to a 75% reduction in total volatile content, specifically due to massive monoterpene degradation during drying [26]. Our study highlights the importance of minimizing drying duration while simultaneously maintaining both cannabinoid and volatile terpene concentrations.…”

Section: Hybrid Chemovar-gen12mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…These studies have also reported that the concentrations of certain terpenes, such as αpinene, (−)-β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene, can increase under specific drying conditions [28,29]. Moreover, hot air drying was found to reduce various monoterpene concentrations by 38-95% while simultaneously increasing various sesquiterpene concentrations by 210-290% as compared to fresh inflorescence [26]. These results align with our observations indicating an increase in both terpene and cannabinoid concentrations during the drying process.…”

Section: Impact Of the Drying Process On The Terpene Content Preserva...mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Additionally, certain cannabinoids, such as THCA, CBGA, and THC, were found to have higher concentrations under various drying conditions [19], paralleling the varied cannabinoid concentration patterns observed in our study across different drying conditions used. Oduola et al recently demonstrated that hot air, infrared, and microwave drying significantly reduce the drying time; however, they led to a substantial reduction of more than 45% in CBDA concentration, CBGA concentration, total CBD content, and total cannabinoid content compared to fresh inflorescence in all methods examined [26]. In a separate study, Chen et al noted that hot air drying significantly shortened the drying time by one to two orders of magnitude in three high-CBDA chemovars [24].…”

Section: Hybrid Chemovar-gen12mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The controlled atmosphere drying chambers restored the desired drying and curing conditions within the chambers every 30 min. After six days the cannabis inflorescences from both chemovars were completely dry, since no additional inflorescence weight loss was observed (the weight change was within the error range of the water content of 10% ± 1% for the dried inflorescence) and therefore no additional curing step was needed [26]. As a reference system, an open-air drying process was employed for 14 days, followed by one day of curing within a confined breathable tray in the presence of 500 g dried silica gel pearls.…”

Section: Drying Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Pursuit of Optimal Quality: Cultivar-Specific Drying Approaches for Medicinal Cannabis

Birenboim,

Brikenstein,

Duanis-Assaf

et al. 2024

Plants

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A limited number of studies have examined how drying conditions affect the cannabinoid and terpene content in cannabis inflorescences. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of controlled atmosphere drying chambers for drying medicinal cannabis inflorescence. Controlled atmosphere drying chambers were found to reduce the drying and curing time by at least 60% compared to traditional drying methods, while preserving the volatile terpene content. On the other hand, inflorescences subjected to traditional drying were highly infested by Alternaria alternata and also revealed low infestation of Botrytis cinerea. In the high-THC chemovar (“240”), controlled N2 and atm drying conditions preserved THCA concentration as compared to the initial time point (t0). On the other hand, in the hybrid chemovar (“Gen12”) all of the employed drying conditions preserved THCA and CBDA content. The optimal drying conditions for preserving monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in both chemovars were C5O5 (5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2) and pure N2, respectively. The results of this study suggest that each chemovar may require tailored drying conditions in order to preserve specific terpenes and cannabinoids. Controlled atmosphere drying chambers could offer a cost-effective, fast, and efficient drying method for preserving cannabinoids and terpenes during the drying process while reducing the risk of mold growth.

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Section: Hybrid Chemovar-gen12mentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Impact Of the Drying Process On The Terpene Content Preserva...mentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Hybrid Chemovar-gen12mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Drying Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

In Pursuit of Optimal Quality: Cultivar-Specific Drying Approaches for Medicinal Cannabis

Birenboim,

Brikenstein,

Duanis-Assaf

et al. 2024

Plants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The controlled atmosphere drying chamber's automated system (ICA6000, ICAstorage, Paddock Wood, UK) restored the desired drying and curing conditions within the chambers every 30 min. After six days (d6), the cannabis inflorescences were completely dry, since no additional inflorescence weight loss was observed (the variation in weight fell within the margin of error for the water content, which is 10% ± 1% for the dried cannabis inflorescence) [31]. During the drying procedure, all of the cannabis inflorescences were placed in breathable trays within the controlled atmosphere chambers.…”

Section: Drying and Curing Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Long-Term Preservation of Cannabis Inflorescence by Utilizing Integrated Pre-Harvest Hexanoic Acid Treatment and Optimal Post-Harvest Storage Conditions

Birenboim,

Chalupowicz,

Kenigsbuch

et al. 2024

Plants

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The effort to maintain cannabinoid and terpene levels in harvested medicinal cannabis inflorescence is crucial, as many studies demonstrated a significant concentration decrease in these compounds during the drying, curing, and storage steps. These stages are critical for the preparation and preservation of medicinal cannabis for end-use, and any decline in cannabinoid and terpene content could potentially reduce the therapeutic efficacy of the product. Consequently, in the present study, we determined the efficacy of pre-harvest hexanoic acid treatment alongside four months of post-harvest vacuum storage in prolonging the shelf life of high THCA cannabis inflorescence. Our findings indicate that hexanoic acid treatment led to elevated concentrations of certain cannabinoids and terpenes on the day of harvest and subsequent to the drying and curing processes. Furthermore, the combination of hexanoic acid treatment and vacuum storage yielded the longest shelf life and the highest cannabinoid and mono-terpene content as compared to all other groups studied. Specifically, the major cannabinoid’s—(-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA)—concentration decreased by 4–23% during the four months of storage with the lowest reduction observed following hexanoic acid pre-harvest treatment and post-harvest vacuum storage. Hexanoic acid spray application displayed a more pronounced impact on mono-terpene preservation than storage under vacuum without hexanoic acid treatment. Conversely, sesqui-terpenes were observed to be less prone to degradation than mono-terpenes over an extended storage duration. In summation, appropriate pre-harvest treatment coupled with optimized storage conditions can significantly extend the shelf life of cannabis inflorescence and preserve high active compound concentration over an extended time period.

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Knowledge mapping for a secure and sustainable hemp industry: A systematic literature review

Aryal,

Maraseni,

Kretzschmar

et al. 2024

Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering

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Impacts of industrial microwave and infrared drying approaches on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) quality and chemical components

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

In Pursuit of Optimal Quality: Cultivar-Specific Drying Approaches for Medicinal Cannabis

In Pursuit of Optimal Quality: Cultivar-Specific Drying Approaches for Medicinal Cannabis

Improved Long-Term Preservation of Cannabis Inflorescence by Utilizing Integrated Pre-Harvest Hexanoic Acid Treatment and Optimal Post-Harvest Storage Conditions

Knowledge mapping for a secure and sustainable hemp industry: A systematic literature review

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