Impact of HIV and Type 2 diabetes on Gut Microbiota Diversity, Tryptophan Catabolism and Endothelial Dysfunction

Hoel, Hedda; Hove-Skovsgaard, Malene; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Gaardbo, Julie C.; Holm, Kristian; Kummen, Martin; Rudi, Knut; Nwosu, Felix Chinweije; Valeur, Jørgen; Gelpi, Marco; Seljeflot, Ingebjørg; Ueland, Per Magne; Gerstoft, Jan; Ullum, Henrik; Aukrust, Pål; Nielsen, Susanne Dam; Trøseid, Marius

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25168-3

Cited by 41 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Such studies should include the evaluation of the functions of tryptophan metabolites resulting from tryptophan-gut-microbiota interactions on the causes and prevention of human diseases. 102 – 106 …”

Section: Conclusion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan

Friedman

2018

Int J�Tryptophan�Res

188

119

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Tryptophan is an essential plant-derived amino acid that is needed for the in vivo biosynthesis of proteins. After consumption, it is metabolically transformed to bioactive metabolites, including serotonin, melatonin, kynurenine, and the vitamin niacin (nicotinamide). This brief integrated overview surveys and interprets our current knowledge of the reported multiple analytical methods for free and protein-bound tryptophan in pure proteins, protein-containing foods, and in human fluids and tissues, the nutritional significance of l-tryptophan and its isomer d-tryptophan in fortified infant foods and corn tortillas as well the possible function of tryptophan in the diagnosis and mitigation of multiple human diseases. Analytical methods include the use of acid ninhydrin, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, colorimetry, basic hydrolysis; acid hydrolysis of S-pyridylethylated proteins, and high-performance liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Also covered are the nutritional values of tryptophan-fortified infant formulas and corn-based tortillas, safety of tryptophan for human consumption and the analysis of maize (corn), rice, and soybean plants that have been successfully genetically engineered to produce increasing tryptophan. Dietary tryptophan and its metabolites seem to have the potential to contribute to the therapy of autism, cardiovascular disease, cognitive function, chronic kidney disease, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, sleep, social function, and microbial infections. Tryptophan can also facilitate the diagnosis of certain conditions such as human cataracts, colon neoplasms, renal cell carcinoma, and the prognosis of diabetic nephropathy. The described findings are not only of fundamental scientific interest but also have practical implications for agriculture, food processing, food safety, nutrition, and animal and human health. The collated information and suggested research need will hopefully facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of free and protein-bound tryptophan and metabolites to help improve animal and human nutrition and health.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan

Friedman

2018

Int J�Tryptophan�Res

188

119

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“…In addition, among women with or at high risk for HIV infection, diabetes is associated with gut microbiota and plasma metabolites alteration; several metabolites in tryptophan catabolism, as well as the KYN/TRP ratio were higher in women with diabetes compared with those without diabetes [40]. Another study indicated that the combination of HIV infection and type 2 diabetes was associated with reduced gut microbiota diversity and increased plasma KYN/TRP ratio [68]. Nevertheless, for HIV comorbidities, the potential contributions and impacts of gut microbiota need to be further explored in large prospective studies powered for clinical end points.…”

Section: Tryptophan Catabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbial Metabolites Associated With HIV Infection

Wang

2019

Future Virol.

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HIV infection has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota and related microbial metabolite production. However, the mechanisms of how these functional microbial metabolites may affect HIV immunopathogenesis and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases, remain largely unknown. Here we review the current understanding of gut microbiota and related metabolites in the context of HIV infection. We focus on several bacteria-produced metabolites, including tryptophan catabolites, short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and discuss their implications in HIV infection and comorbidities. We also prospect future studies using integrative multiomics approaches to better understand host-microbiota-metabolites interactions in HIV infection, and facilitate integrative medicine utilizing the microbiota in HIV infection.

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“…In contrast to the global health improvement occurring in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), gut damage persists and translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the circulation contributes to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities [5]. Microbial translocation is one of the main drivers for the development of such comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, depression and cancer in ARTtreated PLWH [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily variations of gut microbial translocation markers in ART-treated HIV-infected people

et al. 2020

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Background: Increased intestinal barrier permeability and subsequent gut microbial translocation are significant contributors to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH). Evidence in animal models have shown that markers of intestinal permeability and microbial translocation vary over the course of the day and are affected by food intake and circadian rhythms. However, daily variations of these markers are not characterized yet in PLWH. Herein, we assessed the variation of these markers over 24 h in PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a well-controlled environment. Methods: As in Canada, PLWH are predominantly men and the majority of them are now over 50 years old, we selected 11 men over 50 receiving ART with undetectable viremia for more than 3 years in this pilot study. Blood samples were collected every 4 h over 24 h before snacks/meals from 8:00 in the morning to 8:00 the next day. All participants consumed similar meals at set times, and had a comparable amount of sleep, physical exercise and light exposure. Plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and fungal (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) translocation markers, along with markers of intestinal damage fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α) were assessed by ELISA or the fungitell assay. Results: Participants had a median age of 57 years old (range 50 to 63). Plasma levels of BDG and REG3α did not vary significantly over the course of the study. In contrast, a significant increase of LPS was detected between 12:00 and 16:00 (Z-score: − 1.15 ± 0.18 vs 0.16 ± 0.15, p = 0.02), and between 12:00 and 24:00 (− 1.15 ± 0.18 vs 0.89 ± 0.26, p < 0.001). The plasma levels of I-FABP at 16:00 (− 0.92 ± 0.09) were also significantly lower, compared to 8:00 the first day (0.48 ± 0.26, p = 0.002), 4:00 (0.73 ± 0.27, p < 0.001) or 8:00 on secondary day (0.88 ± 0.27, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Conversely to the fungal translocation marker BDG and the gut damage marker REG3α, time of blood collection matters for the proper evaluation for LPS and I-FABP as markers for the risk of inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities. These insights are instrumental for orienting clinical investigations in PLWH.

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Impact of HIV and Type 2 diabetes on Gut Microbiota Diversity, Tryptophan Catabolism and Endothelial Dysfunction

Cited by 41 publications

References 50 publications

Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan

Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan

Gut Microbial Metabolites Associated With HIV Infection

Daily variations of gut microbial translocation markers in ART-treated HIV-infected people

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