Impact of agitated drying on crystal morphology: KCl–water system

Lekhal, Azzeddine; Girard, Kevin P.; Brown, Matthew A.; Kiang, San; Glasser, Benjamin J.; Khinast, Johannes G.

doi:10.1016/s0032-5910(03)00056-1

Cited by 72 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In addition, Hare et al reported that in both the simulations and experiments, the total bed attrition was independent of impeller speed for a given number of impeller revolutions, i.e., the attrition was a function of total strain and not of strain rate. This result was consistent with the findings of Am Ende et al (2013) and Lekhal et al (2003Lekhal et al ( , 2004. Moreover, the simulation demonstrated that more than 50% of the attrition occurred in the bottom third of the bed, toward larger radial distances, and in the vicinity of the mixer blade.…”

Section: Particle Attrition In Vertical Axis Mixerssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The experimental studies are presented first followed by the computational studies. Lekhal et al (2003Lekhal et al ( , 2004 examined the change in mean particle size within an AFD for two types of material: cubic crystals of KCl and needle-shaped crystals of L-threonine. They found that for both materials, attrition only became significant when the moisture content in the materials was below a threshold value, i.e., when the material was nearly dry.…”

Section: Particle Attrition In Vertical Axis Mixersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The particles are treated as cohesionless. Lekhal et al (2003Lekhal et al ( , 2004 found that attrition only became significant when material was almost dry, i.e., liquid bridge cohesive forces were negligible. The model parameters are given in Table 1, with the justification for the parameters provided in Hua et al (2013).…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The internal loads, moments, and stresses in rod-like particles in a low-speed, vertical axis mixer

Xia

Curtis

Guo

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Science

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Section: Particle Attrition In Vertical Axis Mixerssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Particle Attrition In Vertical Axis Mixersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The internal loads, moments, and stresses in rod-like particles in a low-speed, vertical axis mixer

Xia

Curtis

Guo

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Science

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“…When the moisture content is low the shear resistance of the bed increases, thus resulting in a significant increase in the extent of breakage [7,8]. For this reason a completely dry bed is utilized in this work, which represents the end of the drying process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of bulk particle breakage due to naturally formed shear bands

Hare¹,

Ghadiri²

2013

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. In many particle processes there exist both stagnant and flowing regions. Shear bands naturally form between these regions as a transition from zero to full velocity. Particles within shear bands are prone to breakage through surface erosion, chipping and fragmentation when exposed to substantial shear stresses. The precise nature and extent of breakage is difficult to describe mechanistically, due to the distribution of particle strengths and forces acting upon them. Consequently the breakage of particles within shear bands is typically defined empirically using an attrition shear cell. The use of such empirical relationships to predict breakage in larger processes is severely limited in the literature.This paper describes a method of predicting bulk breakage in an agitated vessel by establishing particle breakage caused by applied stress and strain in a shear cell. The Distinct Element Method (DEM) is utilised to estimate the distribution of stresses and strains within the agitated bed, this distribution is then applied to the breakage relationship to predict total attrition. The DEM analysis requires a number of measurement cells to be considered within the bed. It is imperative that the dimensions of these cells are comparable to that of a naturally occurring shear band. With this measure in place the method outlined here describes the experimental breakage well. This method can be applied to any system where particles break due to shear deformation.

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“…Segregation occurs for several reasons, such as differences in density, size, shape, surface properties, friction coefficients, and other physical parameters. Often, the API is crystallized and dried to form small drug crystals (6,7) that are blended with larger excipient particles. Even small size differences can lead to segregation, and in general, segregation effects are difficult to quantify and to predict as they are a complex function of the previously mentioned parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Blending of Pharmaceutical Powders with Multipoint NIR Spectroscopy

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Blending of powders is a crucial step in the production of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is often a powder that is blended with other powders (excipients) in order to produce tablets. The blending efficiency is influenced by several external factors, such as the desired degree of homogeneity and the required blending time, which mainly depend on the properties of the blended materials and on the geometry of the blender. This experimental study investigates the mixing behavior of acetyl salicylic acid as an API and α-lactose monohydrate as an excipient for different filling orders and filling levels in a blender. A multiple near-infrared probe setup on a laboratoryscale blender is used to observe the powder composition quasi-simultaneously and in-line in up to six different positions of the blender. Partial least squares regression modeling was used for a quantitative analysis of the powder compositions in the different measurement positions. The end point for the investigated mixtures and measurement positions was determined via moving block standard deviation. Observing blending in different positions helped to detect good and poor mixing positions inside the blender that are affected by convective and diffusive mixing.

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Impact of agitated drying on crystal morphology: KCl–water system

Cited by 72 publications

References 25 publications

The internal loads, moments, and stresses in rod-like particles in a low-speed, vertical axis mixer

The internal loads, moments, and stresses in rod-like particles in a low-speed, vertical axis mixer

Prediction of bulk particle breakage due to naturally formed shear bands

Monitoring Blending of Pharmaceutical Powders with Multipoint NIR Spectroscopy

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