Immunotherapy for viral and fungal infections

Einsele, Hermann; Löffler, Jürgen; Kapp, Markus; Rasche, Leo; Mielke, Stephan; Grigoleit, Ulrich

doi:10.1038/bmt.2015.96

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Adoptive T-cell therapy with pathogen-specific T cells is an emerging field. 160,161 Recent evidence of broad-spectrum T cells for treatment of multiple herpes-group viruses has been described. 162 As cell processing and expansion technology improves, this therapy has the potential to impact outcomes in HCT recipients with respiratory viral infections.…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How I treat respiratory viral infections in the setting of intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation

Waghmare

Englund

Boeckh

2016

Blood

100

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The widespread use of multiplex molecular diagnostics has led to a significant increase in the detection of respiratory viruses in patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Respiratory viruses initially infect the upper respiratory tract and then progress to lower respiratory tract disease in a subset of patients. Lower respiratory tract disease can manifest itself as airflow obstruction or viral pneumonia, which can be fatal. Infection in HCT candidates may require delay of transplantation. The risk of progression differs between viruses and immunosuppressive regimens. Risk factors for progression and severity scores have been described, which may allow targeting treatment to high-risk patients. Ribavirin is the only antiviral treatment option for noninfluenza respiratory viruses; however, high-quality data demonstrating its efficacy and relative advantages of the aerosolized versus oral form are lacking. There are significant unmet needs, including data defining the virologic characteristics and clinical significance of human rhinoviruses, human coronaviruses, human metapneumovirus, and human bocavirus, as well as the need for new treatment and preventative options.

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Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How I treat respiratory viral infections in the setting of intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation

Waghmare

Englund

Boeckh

2016

Blood

100

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“…While Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus species account for the majority of infections, recent epidemiological trends indicate a shift towards Aspergillus and non-albicans Candida species that often have diminished susceptibility to current antifungal agents such as fluconazole [21]. Clinically, candidiasis and aspergillosis account for between 80% and 90% of systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients [19].…”

Section: Antifungal Drug Utilization Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prescribing Pattern of Antifungal Medications at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman

Balushi

Alzaabi

Al-Ghafri

2016

JCDR

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“…In that light, immune modulation has been viewed as a potential adjunctive therapy to treat PcP (24). The potential cellular targets for immune modulation to treat PcP include CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, regulatory T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells (24,25). Macrophages offer a novel approach to cell therapy in the treatment of infection, especially in the immunosuppressed hosts, but require additional investigation (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Macrophage Polarization from Pneumocystis in Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Hosts: Potential Adjunctive Therapy during Pneumonia

et al. 2017

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We explored differential polarization of macrophages during infection using a rat model of Pneumocystis pneumonia. We observed enhanced pulmonary M1 macrophage polarization in immunosuppressed (IS) hosts, but an M2 predominant response in immunocompetent (IC) hosts following Pneumocystis carinii challenge. Increased inflammation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels characterized the M1 response. However, macrophage ability to produce nitric oxide was defective. In contrast, the lungs of IC animals revealed a prominent M2 gene signature, and these macrophages effectively elicited an oxidative burst associated with clearance of Pneumocystis. In addition, during P. carinii infection the expression of Dectin-1, a critical receptor for recognition and clearance of P. carinii, was upregulated in macrophages of IC animals but suppressed in IS animals. In the absence of an appropriate cytokine milieu for M2 differentiation, Pneumocystis induced an M1 response both in vitro and in vivo. The M1 response induced by P. carinii was plastic in nature and reversible with appropriate cytokine stimuli. Finally, we tested whether macrophage polarization can be modulated in vivo and used to help manage the pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia by adoptive transfer. Treatment with both M1 and M2 cells significantly improved survival of P. carinii-infected IS hosts. However, M2 treatment provided the best outcomes with efficient clearance of P. carinii and reduced inflammation.

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Immunotherapy for viral and fungal infections

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

How I treat respiratory viral infections in the setting of intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation

How I treat respiratory viral infections in the setting of intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation

Prescribing Pattern of Antifungal Medications at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman

Differential Macrophage Polarization from Pneumocystis in Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Hosts: Potential Adjunctive Therapy during Pneumonia

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