Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increase resistance against amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L.

Bridle, Andrew R.; Bütler, R; Nowak, Barbara F.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00457.x

Cited by 57 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Briefly, AGD had been maintained in this tank for several months, with introduced fish exhibiting gross signs of AGD within 3 d of cohabitation. The presence of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, the putative agent of AGD, was routinely confirmed using a modified indirect fluorescent antibody test (Roberts & Powell 2003b), PCR (Wong et al 2004), immunohistochemistry (Bridle et al 2003) and by visually identifying parasomes within isolated gill amoebae (Morrison et al 2004). All fish were fed to satiation daily with non-medicated pellets, and further lethally sampled 3 and 5 d into their cohabitation with AGD-affected fish.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral l-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) reduces amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Roberts

Powell²

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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There is a need for the development of alternative therapeutic treatments for amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. to maintain the sustainability of the Tasmanian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effects of the mucolytic drug L-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) on marine Atlantic salmon mucus and whether or not it may have a therapeutic advantage for the alleviation of AGD when administered orally. We also aimed to document any physiological consequences of LCEE. Results showed that LCEE significantly decreased the viscosity of marine Atlantic salmon mucus both in vitro, where LCEE concentration showed a negative relationship to mucus viscosity (R 2 = 0.95 at 11.5 s -1 ), and in vivo. Oral administration of LCEE at 52.7 mg LCEE kg -1 fish d -1 over 2 wk significantly delayed the progression of AGDassociated pathology during an aggressive, cohabitation induced, laboratory infection. Medicated fish had approximately 50% less gill filaments affected by AGD than control fed fish at 3 d postinfection when assessed using histology. Palatability of medicated feed was shown to be approximately 65% of control feed. No osmoregulatory disturbance was seen in medicated fish, although blood and whole body flux data indicated a slight acidosis coinciding with an increased plasma total ammonia concentration. However, both variables were within a tolerable physiological range and returned to control levels 3 d post-cessation of medicated feed. LCEE holds potential as an in-feed additive when administered over 2 wk prior to infection to delay the progression of AGD associated pathology. From the parameters measured, LCEE seems to have minimal physiological consequences after 2 wk of administration. KEY WORDS: Fish gill disease · Salmonid · In-feed treatment · Oral therapeutant · Mucolytic drug · Mucus viscosity · Physiological effects Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 66: [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] 2005 Roberts & Powell 2003a). It has been previously suggested that excessive branchial mucus impairs CO 2 excretion, leading to respiratory acidosis and subsequent death in AGD affected fish (Powell et al. 2000). The break-up and removal of mucus from the gills seems to be an important function of freshwater bathing as a treatment . Indeed, freshwater bathing has been shown to significantly decrease mucus viscosity of marine Atlantic salmon (Roberts 2004). Thinner and more removable mucus is thought to aid the significant lesion fragmentation and shedding of AGD lesion-associated hyperplastic gill tissue, as well as sloughing of gill-associated amoebae in soft, freshwater-bathed fish (Roberts & Powell 2003b).Therapeutic mucolytic drugs have been extensively used for the alleviation of respiratory diseases associated with excessive production and accumulation of mucus in humans and domestic animals. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a widely used mucolytic agent that by virtue of its free sulfhydryl group reacts w...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral l-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) reduces amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Roberts

Powell²

2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Briefly, seawater-adapted Atlantic salmon (mean 166.2 Ϯ 8.7 g, n ϭ 48 fish/tank) were placed into two autonomous 4,000-liter recirculation systems. Gill-derived amoebae were appraised by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry (11), PCR (85), and fluorescence microscopy (23) to confirm the presence of Neoparamoeba spp. and placed in one of two recirculation systems at 500 cells/l (naive and Neoparamoeba spp.…”

Section: Experimental Inoculation Of Atlantic Salmon With Neoparamoebmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome profiling the gills of amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.): a role for tumor suppressor p53 in AGD pathogenesis?

Morrison

Cooper

Koop

et al. 2006

Physiological Genomics

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Neoparamoeba spp. are amphizoic amoebae with the capacity to colonize the gills of some marine fish, causing AGD. Here, the gill tissue transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) to AGD is described. Tanks housing Atlantic salmon were inoculated with Neoparamoeba spp. and fish sampled at time points up to 8 days postinoculation (pi.). Gill tissues were taken from AGD-affected fish, and a DNA microarray was used to compare global gene expression against tissues from AGD-unaffected fish. A total of 206 genes, representing 190 unique transcripts, were reproducibly identified as up- or downregulated in response to Neoparamoeba spp. infection. Informative transcripts having GO biological process identifiers were grouped according to function. Although a number of genes were placed into each category, no distinct patterns were observed. One Atlantic salmon cDNA that was upregulated in infected gill relative to noninfected gill at 114 and 189 h pi. showed significant identity with the Xenopus, mouse, and human anterior gradient-2 (AG-2) homologs. Two Atlantic salmon AG-2 mRNA transcripts, designated asAG-2/1 and asAG-2/2, were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be predominantly expressed in the gill, intestine, and brain of a healthy fish. In AGD-affected fish, differential asAG-2 expression was confirmed in samples used for microarray analyses as well as in AGD-affected gill tissue taken from fish in an independent experiment. The asAG-2 upregulation was restricted to AGD lesions relative to unaffected tissue from the same gill arch, while p53 tumor suppressor protein mRNA was concurrently downregulated in AGD lesions. Differential expression of p53-regulated transcripts, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene-45β (GADD45β) in AGD lesions, suggests a role for p53 in AGD pathogenesis. Thus AGD may represent a novel model for comparative analysis of p53 and p53-regulated pathways.

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“…Isolated amoebae were identified as Neoparamoeba sp. by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [23] and immunocytochemical staining [11], and added to the recirculating water supply at a rate of 450 amoebae L ÿ1 d ÿ1 over three consecutive days.…”

Section: Amoebae Isolation and Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the obvious epithelial hyperplasia that presents as grossly visible pale multifocal gill lesions, there is the less apparent infiltration of leucocytes and oedema associated with a local inflammatory response. This migration of leucocytes is highly dependent on the stage of infection and age of the lesion [3,7,8,10,11]. Lesion-associated leucocytes are predominantly found in the central venous sinus (CVS) where they supposedly extravasate into the lesions and are often found in close association with amoebae in interlamellar crypts [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expression of immune-regulatory genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during amoebic gill disease (AGD)

Bridle

Morrison

Nowak

2006

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increase resistance against amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Cited by 57 publications

References 18 publications

Oral l-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) reduces amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Oral l-cysteine ethyl ester (LCEE) reduces amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Transcriptome profiling the gills of amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.): a role for tumor suppressor p53 in AGD pathogenesis?

The expression of immune-regulatory genes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during amoebic gill disease (AGD)

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