Immunoregulation by Parenteral Lipids: Impact of the n‐3 to n‐6 Fatty Acid Ratio

Grimm, H.; Tibell, A; Norrlind, Björn; Blecher, C.; Wilker, Sigrid; Schwemmle, K

doi:10.1177/0148607194018005417

Cited by 121 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Protectin D1 shifted the onset of resolution to an earlier time point in addition to shortening the time to reduce the number of maximum neutrophils by half (Serhan et al, 2008). Other anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFA from plant and animal sources include a reduced cytokine production in vitro (De Caterina et al, 1994) and in vivo (Meydani et al, 1993;Grimm et al, 1994;McCann et al, 2000).…”

Section: Inflammation and Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in horses

Hess

Ross-Jones

2014

R. Bras. Zootec.

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-Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are a family of essential fatty acids with many biological activities. These fatty acids are incorporated into cell membranes, changing their structural and functional characteristics. N-3 PUFA can act by modulating inflammatory responses at different levels. Omega-3 PUFA can be converted in the body to longer-chain n-3 PUFA at a limited rate and are differently converted in body systems. It appears that when specific longerchain n-3 PUFA are desired these need to be supplemented directly in the diet. In different species some evidence indicates a potential effect on improving insulin sensitivity. Recently, a novel class of n-3 PUFA-derived anti-inflammatory mediators have been recognized, termed E-series and D-series resolvins, formed from EPA and DHA, respectively. N-3 PUFA derived resolvins and protectins are heavily involved in the resolution of inflammation. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in horses may help manage chronic inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, equine metabolic syndrome, laminitis, and thereby help to improve longevity of sport horse.

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Section: Inflammation and Pufamentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in horses

Hess

Ross-Jones

2014

R. Bras. Zootec.

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“…The n − 6/n − 3 ratio is, as a result, often used as a measure of the health value of foodstuff and a value of less than 5 is recommended (Department of Health, 1994 andRaes et al, 2004). However, a 4:1 ratio has been recommended as optimal in a brain function experiment (Yehuda, Rabinovitz, & Mostofsky, 1998), and a 2:1 ratio is considered superior for immune function (Grimm et al, 1994). Only the heart and the testicles had ratios for these fatty acids of less than five whilst the remaining organs, for both breeds, had values above five.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Profile and Cholesterol Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional value of cooked offal derived from free-range rams reared in South Africa

2013

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Nutritional value of Dorper (n = 10) and Merino (n = 10) by-products were evaluated. Proximate composition differed between organs and breeds with Merino heart (68.9 g/100 g), spleen (77.2 g/100 g) and testicles (83.7 g/100 g) having higher moisture contents than their Dorper counterparts. Dorper brain (10.1 g/100 g), heart (15.2 g/100 g), spleen (20.4 g/100 g) and testicles (12.9 g/100 g) had higher protein contents than Merino. Dorper organs also tended to have a lower fat content. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles differed between organs and breeds. Few differences were noted in total SFA and MUFA. Dorper heart (1.8%) had significantly lower total PUFA than Merino heart (7.3%). All the organs showed favourable P:S ratios, with the exception of the tongue, heart and stomach. Dorper and Merino brain, lungs and testicles had favourable n − 6/n − 3 ratios. Cholesterol content differed between both organs and breeds. The value of offal as food is discussed further.

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“…Fish oil feeding decreased ex vivo production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by rodent macrophages (Billiar et al 1988;Renier et al 1993;Sasaki et al 2000;Wallace et al 2000) and splenocytes (Xi et al 1998). Infusion of fish oil into horses resulted in decreased production of TNF-α by isolated blood monocytes (McCann et al 2000), while infusion of fish oil into rats decreased production of TNF-α and IL-6 by blood monocytes (Grimm et al 1994). Feeding fish oil to mice infected with the murine AIDS virus decreased production of TNF-α and IL-1β by LPS-stimulated splenocytes (Xi et al 1998).…”

Section: N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Cytokine Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids

2002

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Then-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoicacid (DHA) are found in high proportions in oily fish and fish oils. Then-3 PUFA are structurally and functionally distinct from then-6 PUFA. Typically, human inflammatory cells contain high proportions of then-6 PUFA arachidonic acid and low proportions ofn-3 PUFA. The significance of this difference is that arachidonic acid is the precursor of 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, which are highly-active mediators of inflammation. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of arachidonic acid in inflammatory cell membranes by EPA. This change leads to decreased production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators. This response alone is a potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA. However,n-3 PUFA have a number of other effects which might occur downstream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this activity. For example, animal and human studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can decrease adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. This action might come about through antagonism of the effects of arachidonic acid-derived mediators or through more direct actions on the intracellular signalling pathways which lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFêB). Recent studies have shown thatn-3 PUFA can down regulate the activity of the nuclear transcription factor NFêB. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms in some animal models of chronic inflammatory disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin and similar inflammatory challenges. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some patients with asthma, supporting the idea that then-3 PUFA in fish oil are antiinflammatory. There are indications that inclusion ofn-3 PUFA in enteral and parenteral formulas might be beneficial to patients in intensive care or post-surgery.

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Immunoregulation by Parenteral Lipids: Impact of the n‐3 to n‐6 Fatty Acid Ratio

Cited by 121 publications

References 16 publications

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in horses

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in horses

Nutritional value of cooked offal derived from free-range rams reared in South Africa

Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids

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