Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering

Abstract

The inflammatory response to chronic injury affects tissue regeneration and has become an important factor influencing the prognosis of patients. In previous stem cell treatments, it was revealed that stem cells not only have the ability for direct differentiation or regeneration in chronic tissue damage but also have a regulatory effect on the immune microenvironment. Stem cells can regulate the immune microenvironment during tissue repair and provide a good “soil” for tissue regeneration. In the current study, the regulation of immune cells by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the local tissue microenvironment and the tissue damage repair mechanisms are revealed. The application of the concepts of “seed” and “soil” has opened up new research avenues for regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering (TE) technology has been used in multiple tissues and organs using its biomimetic and cellular cell abilities, and scaffolds are now seen as an important part of building seed cell microenvironments. The effect of tissue engineering techniques on stem cell immune regulation is related to the shape and structure of the scaffold, the preinflammatory microenvironment constructed by the implanted scaffold, and the material selection of the scaffold. In the application of scaffold, stem cell technology has important applications in cartilage, bone, heart, and liver and other research fields. In this review, we separately explore the mechanism of MSCs in different tissue and organs through immunoregulation for tissue regeneration and MSC combined with 3D scaffolds to promote MSC immunoregulation to repair damaged tissues.

The biological response of mesenchymal stromal cells to thymol and carvacrol in comparison to their essential oil: An innovative new study

“…Although cell replacement is an essential component of MSC-based therapy, their therapeutic effect is mainly due to their immunomodulatory functions. Stem cells can regulate the immune microenvironment during tissue repair and provide a good "soil" for tissue regeneration (Li et al, 2019). Such definition and characterization is important to be performed as they ensure a standardization process which would allow comparison across multiple studies and could facilitate potential clinical (Mendicino et al, 2014).…”

Three-Dimensional Culture of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Effectively Promotes Platelet Recovery in Immune Thrombocytopenia

“…58) Moreover, the effects of the material, porosity, and hardness of scaffolds on MSCs require further study. 59) In conclusion, 3D MSCs can restore the number of platelets by upregulating immune regulation and ECM expression and therefore have promising therapeutic efficacy in ITP. The MSCs and 3D MSCs can reverse this trend, especially in the 3D MSC group.…”

BMP9 promotes osteogenic differentiation of SMSCs by activating the JNK/Smad2/3 signaling pathway

“…Bone engineering makes refractory bone defect reconstruction feasible and the key lies in the selection of seed cells . Multiple studies have demonstrated that SMSCs possess the extensive proliferative ability and multilineage differentiation potential .…”

“…Bone engineering makes refractory bone defect reconstruction feasible and the key lies in the selection of seed cells. 31,32 Multiple studies have demonstrated that SMSCs possess the extensive proliferative ability and multilineage differentiation potential. 33,34 Our current study demonstrated that SMSCs were similar to other stem cells in terms of immunophenotypes and could be differentiated into osteoblasts in vitro.…”