Immunomodulatory effects of Abelmoschus esculentus water extract through MAPK and NF-κB signaling in RAW 264.7 cells

Structural, physicochemical, and immune-enhancing properties of edible insect protein isolates from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae

“…Our results suggest that EPIs can promote the NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β production in RAW 264.7 macrophages by activating the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Similar to our study, egg white protein ( Lee, Ahn, & Paik, 2018 ), exopolysaccharides ( Xu et al, 2022 ), and plant water extract ( Ko, Hyun, Ahn, & Hyun, 2022 ) can also activate macrophages by inducing the phosphorylation of MAPKs. Furthermore, EPIs activate not only the MAPK pathway but also the NF-κB pathway.…”

“…The results demonstrated that the increase in the phosphorylation level of p65 following EPIs treatment is dose-dependent ( P < 0.05). This activation of NF-κB is promoted by the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB ( Ko, Hyun, Ahn, & Hyun, 2022 ), a cytoplasmic inhibitor. Thus, the effect of EPIs on IκB phosphorylation was further evaluated and it was revealed that phosphorylation of IκBα occurred in all EPIs concentration treatments.…”

In vitro immune-enhancing effects of Platycodon grandiflorum combined with Salvia plebeian via MAPK and NF-κB signaling in RAW264.7 cells

“…Immunostimulatory agents are used to enhance non-specific immune responses and regulate immunity to protect the body [1]. Numerous natural compounds have been shown to possess immunostimulant properties [1][2][3].…”

“…Immunostimulatory agents are used to enhance non-specific immune responses and regulate immunity to protect the body [1]. Numerous natural compounds have been shown to possess immunostimulant properties [1][2][3]. Several immunomodulators released by macrophages include nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which enhance immune responses [1,[3][4][5][6].…”

“…Numerous natural compounds have been shown to possess immunostimulant properties [1][2][3]. Several immunomodulators released by macrophages include nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which enhance immune responses [1,[3][4][5][6]. Furthermore, the activation of macrophages for the production of immunomodulators was also reported to be mainly promoted by nuclear factor-қB (NF-қB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals [1][2][3]5].…”