Immunological and Toxic Differences Between Mouse-Virulent and Mouse-Avirulent Candida Albicans

Isenberg, Henry D.; Allerhand, Jona; Berkman, James I.; Goldberg, Dorothy

doi:10.21236/ad0435722

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the substance that was finally isolated either was not highly active or the active principle was not present in a sufficiently high concentration, because milligram quantities were necessary to induce fever in comparison with the submicrogram amounts of bacterial endotoxin which are capable of inducing such a response. Recently, Isenberg, Allerhand, and Berkman (1963a) and Isenberg et al (1963b) reported the phenol extraction of a toxic substance from C. albicans, very likely the same as that isolated in the present studies since it had endotoxin-like properties, viz., mouse lethality and the ability to cause dermal necrosis. It is tempting to characterize the toxic nature of Candida as endotoxic, inasmuch as other investigators have extracted materials which were dermonecrotic (Maibach and Kligman, 1962), lethal in mice (Dobias, 1957), and poorly antigenic (Isenberg et al, 1963a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYROGENICITY OFCANDIDA ALBICANS, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ANDCRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Kobayashi

Friedman

1964

J Bacteriol

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Kobayashi, George S. (Tulane University, New Orleans, La.), and Lorraine Friedman . Characterization of the pyrogenicity of Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and Cryptococcus neoformans . J. Bacteriol. 88: 660–666. 1964.—The intravenous injection into rabbits of 10 9 yeast cells of Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , or Cryptococcus neoformans (both slightly and heavily encapsulated forms) induced a febrile response indistinguishable from that elicited by gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. There was a brisk rise in body temperature which began as early as 30 min after injection, peaked once or twice, and then returned to normal after about 10 hr. With viable C. albicans , the febrile response did not return to normal but remained elevated for several days and terminated at death of the animal. Of three extraction procedures employed in attempts to isolate the endotoxin-like pyrogenically active substances from C. albicans , only one, the phenol extraction method, was successful. Pyrogenic substances were more easily extractable from S. cerevisiae , but extracted cells of both species were still highly pyrogenic. It was concluded that the particulate nature of the yeast cell did not contribute to the induction of fever, for latex particles of a similar size were nonpyrogenic. Viable or heat-killed C. albicans , phenol extract of C. albicans , zymosan, and polystyrene latex particles all failed to induce in rabbits increased dermal reactivity to epinephrine.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYROGENICITY OFCANDIDA ALBICANS, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ANDCRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Kobayashi

Friedman

1964

J Bacteriol

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“…More recently, phenol extraction of Candida cells resulted in a fraction which was lethal to mice upon injection (17,18). However, the data in our report indicating that nonviable C. albicans cells were unable to produce either tissue pathology or elevated serum levels of BUN and creatine phosphokinase suggest that factors other than heat-stable cell wall components of the organism were responsible for these effects.…”

Section: Tabif 3 Evaluation Of Cardiac Injury 12 H After Intravenoucontrasting

confidence: 50%

Biochemical examination of sera during systemic Candida infection in mice

Oblack¹,

Schwarz²,

Holder³

1978

Infect Immun

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Candida pathogenesis was examined by intravenous challenge of mice with either C. albicans or C. guilliermondii. Animals were moribund 12 h postchallenge with C. albicans and were found to have the greatest number of organisms in the heart and kidney, severe interstitial myocarditis, and elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase. In contrast, challenge with C. guilliermondii resulted in a significantly lower renal census, no myocarditis, and no significant change in the concentration of these serum constituents. Challenge with nonviable C. albicans did not produce the effects observed with viable organisms. Moreover, challenge with filamentous C. albicans resulted in biochemical alterations of lower magnitude and in lower mortality rates. These results indicated that altered serum biochemistries were correlated with the histopathology of fatal Candida infection and that there were distinct differences with C. guilliermondii and the dimorphic phases of C. albicans.

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“…Mankowski (1975) reports that mucin definitely increases the host susceptibility when injected intraperitoneally together with C. albicans. A similar enhancement has been established by treating experimental animals with corticosteroids [Seligmann (1953), Roth et al (1957), Louria et al (1960), l. Although under such altered conditions even avirulent yeast species may eventually kill the compromised test animals (Isenberg et al, 1963), a great part of cortisone-treated mice survived.…”

mentioning

confidence: 57%

“…This should be exemplified briefly: C. albicans induces in mice, rats and guinea-pigs a generalized infection provided that the organisms are administered parenterally and in amounts of lo6 to lo9 living cells; but even then death does not regularly occur (Hasenclever and Mitchell (1961), Isenberg et al (1963), Oblack et al (1978). Extreme variations of the results are explained by strain dlfferences among the same species [Isenberg et al (1963), Albano and Schmitt (1973)l.…”

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confidence: 99%

Annotations to the Pathogenicity and Toxicity of Yeasts as used in Production of Single Cell Proteins: Bemerkungen zur Pathogenität und Toxizität von Hefen in der Herstellung von Einzellerprotein*

Seeliger

2009

Mycoses

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Summary: Yeast strains of various species have been used experimentally and on large scale commercially for the production of single cell‐proteins. Claims have been made by some research workers that such strains, f. i. Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis and Candida lipolytica ‐ among others ‐ are noxious to animals and man because they are pathogenic and contain or produce toxic substances. Many of the tests which led to these conclusions, are, however, considered as irrelevant because the authors of the respective papers have not only used unphysiological routes of application of living cells (for instance intracerebral inoculation), but also exceedingly high cell counts which were injected into rodent animal hosts compromised by previous treatment with corticosteroides, x‐rays or antimetabolic drugs. It is the opinion of the authors that on the basis of so obtained results no valid conclusions can be drawn. It should be left to the toxicologists to determine eventual toxicity of the cell lines, of metabolic products and of the ready product. As Candida tropicalis is known to be an opportunistic pathogen for compromised human hosts, efforts should be made either not to use this yeast or to select cell‐lines of no or only minimal experimental pathogenic ability. The final product must be treated in such way that it will not contain any living cells of the producing strain nor any products which by natural (per os) ingestion would be noxious. The workers in production plants should be adequately protected against contamination of the production strain. Zusammenfassung: Hefestämme verschiedener Arten wurden experimentell und in kommerzieller Großproduktion von Einzellerprotein eingesetzt. Einige Forscher haben die Behauptung aufgestellt, daß solche Stämme, z. B. Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis und Candida lipolytica ‐ unter anderen ‐ für Mensch und Tier schädlich seien, da sie pathogen wären und toxische Substanzen enthielten oder produzierten. Viele Testverfahren, die zu solchen Folgerungen führten, werden jedoch als irrelevant angesehen, da die Autoren der betreffenden Arbeiten nicht nur unphysiologische Infektionswege (z. B. intercerebral) für die applizierten Zellen benutzten, sondern auch ungewöhnlich hohe Zellmengen in kleine Nagetiere einspritzten, die durch vorherige Behandlung mit Corticoiden, Röntgenstrahlen oder Antimetaboliten schutzlos gemacht worden waren. Nach Meinung der Verfasser können aus solchermaßen erhaltenen Resultaten keine gültigen Schlüsse gezogen werden. Es möge dem Toxikologen überlassen bleiben, die eventuelle Toxizität von Zellinien, von Stoffwechselprodukten und des Endprodukts zu bestimmen. Da Candida tropicalis einen opportunistisch‐pathogenen Pilz für den vorgeschädigten Menschen darstellt, sollten die Anstrengungen dahin zielen, entweder die Benutzung dieser Hefe zu vermeiden oder Zellinien zu selektionieren, die experimentell keine oder nur minimale Pathogenität erkennen lassen. Das Endprodukt muß so behandelt werden, daß es keine lebenden Zellen des Produktionsstammes mehr...

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Immunological and Toxic Differences Between Mouse-Virulent and Mouse-Avirulent Candida Albicans

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYROGENICITY OFCANDIDA ALBICANS, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ANDCRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYROGENICITY OFCANDIDA ALBICANS, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ANDCRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Biochemical examination of sera during systemic Candida infection in mice

Annotations to the Pathogenicity and Toxicity of Yeasts as used in Production of Single Cell Proteins: Bemerkungen zur Pathogenität und Toxizität von Hefen in der Herstellung von Einzellerprotein*

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