Immunoglobulin heavy‐chain fluorescence in situ hybridization‐chromogenic in situ hybridization DNA probe split signal in the clonality assessment of lymphoproliferative processes on cytological samples

Self Cite

Lymph node (LN) fine-needle cytology (FNC) coupled with flow cytometry immunophenotyping provides relevant information for the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Numerous studies have shown FNC samples to be suitable for different molecular procedures; in this review, some of the molecular procedures most commonly employed for NHL are briefly described and evaluated in this perspective. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromogenic in situ hybridization are briefly described. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays are used to identify and quantify mutations and translocations, namely immunoglobulin (IGH) and T-cell receptor rearrangements by clonality testing and IGVH somatic hypermutations either by Sanger sequencing, single-strand conformational polymorphisms or RT-PCR strategies. High-throughput technologies (HTT) encompass numerous and different diagnostic tools that share the capacity of multiple molecular investigation and sample processing in a fast and reproducible manner. HTT includes gene expression profiling, comparative genomic hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and next-generation sequencing technologies. A brief description of these tools and their potential application to LN FNC is reported. The challenge for FNC will be to achieve new knowledge and apply new technologies to FNC, exploiting its own basic qualities.

Section: Cytogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cytogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymph Node Fine-Needle Cytology: Beyond Flow Cytometry

Peluso

Ieni²,

Mignogna³

et al. 2016

Self Cite

“…As demonstrated by many, some of these features can be achieved by FNAB [64,65,66,67]. However, in some cases FNAB may not be adequate enough to provide all these requirements, mandating a core or open biopsy.…”

Section: Advantages Of the Combined Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-Needle Aspiration Followed by Core-Needle Biopsy in the Same Setting: Modifying Our Approach

Joudeh¹,

Shareef²,

Al‐Abbadi³

2016

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a well-established initial diagnostic tool. However, in some instances limitations and shortcomings arise, making it insufficient for determining a specific diagnosis. Consequently, patients have to undergo another diagnostic procedure. The second procedure is either repeat FNAB, core-needle or open biopsy, and can be inconvenient and costly. In some centers, the FNAB is immediately followed by core-needle biopsy (CNB) in the same setting after assuring adequacy on the initial FNAB utilizing rapid on-site specimen evaluation (ROSE). It is argued that implementing such an approach will eventually have additional critical advantages that include the following: (a) it is more convenient to patients to have both procedures in one visit, (b) the tissue procured by both procedures will be more adequate, enabling cytopathologists to reach an accurate diagnosis, and (c) it is ultimately a cost-effective approach if we take into consideration the avoidance of a potential second more invasive diagnostic procedure. Since we are living in an era of patient-centered medicine coupled with cost-cutting strategies, we present here a brief review of the topic with analysis of this alternative approach, review of the pertinent literature and shed light on a few scenarios that justify this approach.

“…Besides FC, other molecular techniques like FISH and PCR can also be performed with good results in FNB specimens as an alternative way to detect clonal populations by detecting IGH locus translocation, in the evaluation of T-cell receptor rearrangements, or to detect specific translocations or deletions that help characterize a high proportion of lymphomas (table 1) [2]. Some of these molecular alterations also have important implications for prognostic evaluation and for the patient's selection of treatment, as in the case of 13q14, 11q, and 17q deletion, associated with disease progression in CLL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This new approach to the diagnosis of lymphomas highlights the enormous diagnostic potential that fine-needle biopsy (FNB) cytology has when applied together with other ancillary diagnostic techniques, such as immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry (FC), cytogenetics, and molecular techniques (FISH, CISH, and PCR), which nowadays are accessible to most laboratories [2,3]. Furthermore, in the majority of cases, lymphadenopathies are benign/reactive and, among those that have a diagnosis of lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas represent 90% of the non-Hodgkin lymphomas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Basic Approach to Lymph Node and Flow Cytometry Fine-Needle Cytology

Barroca

Marques²

2016

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the new classification of lymphomas is mainly based on morphological, immunophenotypical, and molecular criteria. Consequently, this new approach has led from the substantial role that architecture played in the past to a secondary panel highlighting the role of fine-needle biopsy (FNB). Applied together with other ancillary techniques, such as flow cytometry (FC), FNB is a potential tool for the diagnosis of lymphomas, and enlarged lymph nodes represent an excellent target for the implementation of this technique. Despite the difficulties inherent in this technology, which might pose problems in differential diagnosis, in the majority of cases this joint work allows an accurate diagnosis of malignancy and even correct subcharacterization in routine lymphomas. Additionally, in selected cases, other molecular techniques like FISH and PCR can also be performed on FNB specimens, helping in the characterization and diagnosis of lymphomas. In this review, we discuss the basic aspects of the combination of FNB cytology and FC in the diagnosis and subclassification of lymphomas. The preanalytical phase is extensively discussed. The advantages, disadvantages, and technical limitations of this joint work are addressed in general and in terms of the accurate subclassification of lymphomas.