Immunity to Intestinal Protozoa: Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , and Giardia

Evaluation of immune response and haematological parameters in infected male albino rats by giardiasis

“…were more susceptible to infection, whereas those with higher levels of cytokines were more resistant. 22 The present results are , 20 which reported that the IFNγ level increased and peaked at 14 days post-infection but gradually decreased as a result of stimulation of splenic cells of G. lamblia-infected mice.…”

“…IL‐4 is well known for its key function in type 2 immune response, which results in resistance to helminth infection and deactivation of toxins 47 . Mice with lower levels of IL‐4 and IL‐5 were more susceptible to infection, whereas those with higher levels of cytokines were more resistant 22 . The present results are consistent with the findings of Jiménez et al, 20 who observed a high but temporary secretion of IL‐4 in infected mice at 7 days post‐infection, however, the level of this cytokine decreased after 14 days of infection accompanied by an increase in IFN‐γ production.…”

“…Other studies, however, suggest the existence of additional mechanisms in the elimination of G. lamblia independent of the antibodies 21 . T‐helper cell (CD4 + ) responses are essential in the regulation of Giardia , they aid in the manufacture of IgA and secrete various cytokines 22 . Previous research has shown that the cytokines IFN‐γ and TNF‐α produced by T‐helper (Th1) cells determine parasite load and clearance 23 .…”

“…21 T-helper cell (CD4 + ) responses are essential in the regulation of Giardia, they aid in the manufacture of IgA and secrete various cytokines. 22 Previous research has shown that the cytokines IFNγ and TNFα produced by T-helper (Th1) cells determine parasite load and clearance. 23 Also, Li et al 12 stated that the immune response induced by Giardia infection in BALB/c mice included that IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 cytokines as well as IgG and IgE antibodies.…”

Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil

“…An enteric protozoan infection produces a protective cellular immune response with a predominance of inflammatory cytokines released by Th1 and Th17 cells (the interleukins [IL], IL‐8, IL‐17 and IL‐12); interferon (IFN)‐γ; and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α 8–11 . On the contrary, it has been demonstrated that the protective immune response against helminth infection has a more mixed profile (Th1, Th17, Th2 and Treg) with a predominance of Th2 (IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13) 12–15 and regulatory cytokines (IL‐10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β) that are important for the homeostasis of the immune system, with a consequent reduction in inflammatory processes 16–19 …”