Immunity lessons and actions: Practical implications

Abstract

Nutritional approaches can be used to improve disease resistance while mitigating the negative impact of immunity on bird performance. Supplying dietary nutrients at the appropriate times and amounts is critical for the development, maintenance, and function of the immune system. The immune system consists of multiple tissues and cell types, and when combined with the diversity of pathogens and routes of infection, the complexity of assigning nutrient requirements for immunity becomes apparent. Activation of the immune system reduces bird performance because of decreased food intake and changes in nutrient metabolism. Understanding the purpose of altered nutrient metabolism may help researchers develop nutritional strategies that complement, or support, the purpose of these catabolic responses to infection. Consequently, providing nutritional support to the immune system during times of critical need may help to mitigate the overall catabolic response to infection. To do so, the proper tools are needed for assessment and understanding of the desired responses from the immune system to particular pathogens. The immune system is dynamic and complex and requires proper care and feeding.

Innate Immunomodulation in Food Animals: Evidence for Trained Immunity?

“…In addition to the potential of enhancing pathology of a disease, harnessing the immune system for disease resistance may negatively impact production parameters. Activation of the immune system comes at a considerable metabolic cost to an organism (182)(183)(184)(185) and becomes energy not spent on production of muscle or milk. Activation of cells for the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and acute phase proteins, and cellular proliferation all require glucose, amino acids, and energy.…”

Innate Immunomodulation in Food Animals: Evidence for Trained Immunity?

“…In addition to the potential of enhancing pathology of a disease, harnessing the immune system for disease resistance may negatively impact production parameters. Activation of the immune system comes at a considerable metabolic cost to an organism (182)(183)(184)(185) and becomes energy not spent on production of muscle or milk. Activation of cells for the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and acute phase proteins, and cellular proliferation all require glucose, amino acids, and energy.…”

Modulation of post‐hatch growth and immunity through in ovo supplemented nutrients in broiler chickens

“…Also, an immune response significantly impacts the partitioning of nutrients between tissues. In a healthy state, AA are incorporated into skeletal muscle tissue with very high priority but in the event of an immune response the skeletal muscle catabolism is enhanced while AA uptake is reduced, whereas hepatic AA uptake and protein synthesis are increased 8. This change in protein turnover within tissues reflects a need for substrates for production of the acute‐phase proteins by the immune system.…”

Innate Immunomodulation in Food Animals: Evidence for Trained Immunity?

“…In addition to the potential of enhancing pathology of a disease, harnessing the immune system for disease resistance may negatively impact production parameters. Activation of the immune system comes at a considerable metabolic cost to an organism (182)(183)(184)(185) and becomes energy not spent on production of muscle or milk. Activation of cells for the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and acute phase proteins, and cellular proliferation all require glucose, amino acids, and energy.…”

Modulation of post‐hatch growth and immunity through in ovo supplemented nutrients in broiler chickens

“…Also, an immune response significantly impacts the partitioning of nutrients between tissues. In a healthy state, AA are incorporated into skeletal muscle tissue with very high priority but in the event of an immune response the skeletal muscle catabolism is enhanced while AA uptake is reduced, whereas hepatic AA uptake and protein synthesis are increased 8. This change in protein turnover within tissues reflects a need for substrates for production of the acute‐phase proteins by the immune system.…”

Innate Immunomodulation in Food Animals: Evidence for Trained Immunity?

“…In addition to the potential of enhancing pathology of a disease, harnessing the immune system for disease resistance may negatively impact production parameters. Activation of the immune system comes at a considerable metabolic cost to an organism (182)(183)(184)(185) and becomes energy not spent on production of muscle or milk. Activation of cells for the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and acute phase proteins, and cellular proliferation all require glucose, amino acids, and energy.…”

Modulation of post‐hatch growth and immunity through in ovo supplemented nutrients in broiler chickens

“…Also, an immune response significantly impacts the partitioning of nutrients between tissues. In a healthy state, AA are incorporated into skeletal muscle tissue with very high priority but in the event of an immune response the skeletal muscle catabolism is enhanced while AA uptake is reduced, whereas hepatic AA uptake and protein synthesis are increased 8. This change in protein turnover within tissues reflects a need for substrates for production of the acute‐phase proteins by the immune system.…”