Immune Response to Mucosal Brucella Infection

Abstract

Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis of worldwide distribution. The disease is caused by Brucella spp., facultative intracellular pathogens. Brucellosis in animals results in abortion of fetuses, while in humans, it frequently manifests flu-like symptoms and a typical undulant fever, being osteoarthritis a common complication of the chronic infection. The two most common ways to acquire the infection in humans are through the ingestion of contaminated dairy products or by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Brucella spp. enter the body mainly through the gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosa; however, most studies of immune response to Brucella spp. are performed analyzing models of systemic immunity. It is necessary to better understand the mucosal immune response induced by Brucella infection since this is the main entry site for the bacterium. In this review, some virulence factors and the mechanisms needed for pathogen invasion and persistence are discussed. Furthermore, some aspects of local immune responses induced during Brucella infection will be reviewed. With this knowledge, better vaccines can be designed focused on inducing protective mucosal immune response.

Pathological changes, distribution and detection ofBrucella melitensisin foetuses of experimentally-infected does

“…However, failure of the immune response to prevent the spread of Brucella melitensis to the foetus resulted in colonisation in almost all foetal organs (Higgins et al 2017 ). The infection usually becomes severe after 2 weeks and would last for a period of 5 to 6 weeks (Lopez-Santiago et al 2019 ). Similarly, vaccination with Rev 1 stimulated marked serological response but also resulted in generalised infection 2 weeks post-vaccination that would last for 3 months (Munoz et al 2008 ).…”

Application of an O-Linked Glycosylation System in Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:9 to Generate a New Candidate Vaccine against Brucella abortus

“…This leads to Brucella colonization of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Owing to its potential spread by aerosols, Brucella has been classified as a biological threat [43]. This poses a risk during the production of live attenuated vaccines, requiring stricter production requirements and resulting in higher production costs.…”

The Mechanism of Facultative Intracellular Parasitism of Brucella

“…After Brucella invade the macrophage, with the proliferation of BCV in ER, some components of Brucella can interact with host cells, which can inhibit the synthesis of bactericides, affect the activation of signal transduction pathway, induce super allergic reaction, and finally cause systemic persistent infection [ 64 ]. When the T4SS encoded by VirB stimulates the body, the immune response produced by the host can inhibit the growth and reproduction of Brucella , but it cannot kill Brucella , resulting in a confrontation between Brucella and the host, causing the body to develop persistent infection [ 65 ].…”