Immune response in colorectal carcinoma: a review of its significance as a predictive and prognostic biomarker

Abstract

Colorectal carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. There is significant prognostic heterogeneity in stages II and III tumours, necessitating the development of new biomarkers to more clearly identify patients at risk of disease progression. Recently, the tumour immune environment, particularly the type and quantity of T lymphocytes, has been shown to be a useful biomarker in predicting prognosis for patients with colorectal carcinoma. In this review, the significance of the immune response in colorectal carcinoma, including its influence on prognosis and response to therapy, will be detailed.

MAFLD with central obesity is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma and high-risk adenoma

“…The diagnostic criteria following the renaming of MAFLD highlight the important role of metabolic dysfunctions in the development of fatty liver disease and may be more appropriate for identifying patients with fatty liver disease at high risk of disease progression [ 13 ]. CRC is a malignant tumor with a high mortality rate, and CRC incidence is increasing annually; therefore, early prevention of CRC is particularly important [ 23 ]. A large number of studies and clinical practices have shown that colorectal cancer screening and early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer [ 24 , 25 ].…”

EMR1/ADGRE1 Expression in Cancer Cells Upregulated by Tumor-Associated Macrophages Is Related to Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer

“…Recent meta-analyses and research studies reported a favorable prognosis with higher immune infiltration at the invasive front of tumors [ 56 , 57 ] in contrast to the non-invasive front [ 58 , 59 ]. In our study, we selected the tumor center area for evaluation because the TAMs in the invasive front showed substantial bias for the examiner in the preliminary experiment (data not shown).…”

Down-regulation of zinc finger protein 335 undermines natural killer cell function in mouse colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma

“…Most colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cases feature uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells of the colorectal mucosa [ 1 ]. During CRC development, tumor immunity is mounted to restrain CRC expansion and invasion [ 2 ]. Natural killer (NK) cells efficiently kill tumor cells by secreting cytotoxic granules and expressing death ligands [ 3 , 4 ].…”