Immune factors and fatty acid composition in human milk from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China

Urwin, Heidi; Zhang, Jian; Gao, Yali; Wang, Chunrong; Li, Lixiang; Song, Pengkun; Man, Qingqing; Li, Meng; Frøyland, Livar; Miles, Elizabeth A.; Calder, Philip C.; Yaqoob, Parveen

doi:10.1017/s0007114512004084

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…BM contents of immune factors at the different lactation stages (Table 2) were also in agreement with the previously published ranges [18,48,49,50,51], as well as with our own previous findings (unpublished data), indicating that BM from Chinese mothers does not differ from worldwide references in these bioactive components.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery

et al. 2016

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Human breast milk (BM) protein composition may be impacted by lactation stage or factors related to geographical location. The present study aimed at assessing the temporal changes of BM major proteins over lactation stages and the impact of mode of delivery on immune factors, in a large cohort of urban mothers in China. 450 BM samples, collected in three Chinese cities, covering 8 months of lactation were analyzed for α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin, total caseins, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) and transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and β2 content by microfluidic chip- or ELISA-based quantitative methods. Concentrations and changes over lactation were aligned with previous reports. α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, IgA, IgM and TGF-β1 contents followed similar variations characterized by highest concentrations in early lactation that rapidly decreased before remaining stable up to end of lactation. TGF-β2 content displayed same early dynamics before increasing again. Total caseins followed a different pattern, showing initial increase before decreasing back to starting values. Serum albumin and IgG levels appeared stable throughout lactation. In conclusion, BM content in major proteins of urban mothers in China was comparable with previous studies carried out in other parts of the world and C-section delivery had only very limited impact on BM immune factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery

et al. 2016

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“…From this study, it has been well-recognised that PA was the dominant SFA in human milk ( •78 %) were also main SFA but with much lower levels that were comparable to previous Chinese data (10,(21)(22)(23) . In our study, PA existed primarily at the sn-2 position with a rising tendency over lactation stages (74•65 % in CM, 75•60 % in TM, 80•75 % in MM).…”

Section: Sfasupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The MUFA in our study was comparable to Asian data (10,(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) but was much lower than Mediterranean studies (7,27) , mainly due to the lower level of OA (online Supplementary Table S1).…”

Section: Mufasupporting

confidence: 79%

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Gao

Tian

et al. 2018

Br J Nutr

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This study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.

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“…A noteworthy exception being ARA (C20:4 n−6) with a value of only 0.48% in mature term HM in the current study vs. the range of 0.7 -1.1% reported by EFSA. Even the individual average contents of the included studies are consistently below the range reported by EFSA, with exception of three out of 38 studies [61][62][63]. This discrepancy seems to exemplify the value of a pooled data approach combining 38 studies to generate a representative ARA reference value in contrast to a single study selection as a base for the EFSA range [60,64].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Human milk fatty acid profile across lactational stages after term and preterm delivery: A pooled data analysis

Floris

Stahl

Abrahamse‐Berkeveld

et al. 2020

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

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Background: Lipids in human milk (HM) provide the majority of energy for developing infants, as well as crucial essential fatty acids (FA). The FA composition of HM is highly variable and influenced by multiple factors. We sought to increase understanding of the variation in HMFA profiles and their development over the course of lactation, and after term and preterm delivery, using a pooled data analysis. Objective: To review the literature and perform a pooled data analysis to qualitatively describe an extensive FA profile (36 FAs) in term and preterm colostrum, transitional -and mature milk up to 60 days postpartum. Design: A Medline search was conducted for HMFA profile data following term or preterm delivery. The search was confined to English language papers published between January 1980 and August 2018. Studies reporting original data, extensive FA profiles in HM from healthy mothers were included. Weighted least squares (WLS) means were calculated from the pooled data using random or fixed effect models. Results: Our pooled data analysis included data from 55 studies worldwide, for a total of 4374 term milk samples and 1017 preterm milk samples, providing WLS means for 36 FAs. Patterns in both term and preterm milk were apparent throughout lactation for some FAs: The most abundant FAs (palmitic, linoleic and oleic acid) remained stable over time, whereas several long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (including ARA and DHA) seemed to decrease and short-and medium-chain FAs increased over time.Conclusions: High heterogeneity between individual studies was observed for the reported levels of some FAs, whereas other FAs were remarkably consistent between studies. Our pooled data suggests that specific FA categories fluctuate according to distinct patterns over the course of lactation; many of these patterns are comparable between term and preterm milk.

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Immune factors and fatty acid composition in human milk from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China

Cited by 37 publications

References 58 publications

Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery

Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Human milk fatty acid profile across lactational stages after term and preterm delivery: A pooled data analysis

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