Immune and cytokine/chemokine responses of PBMCs in rotavirus‐infected rhesus infants and their significance in viral pathogenesis

Abstract

The rotavirus (RV) is the most important causative agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children aged less than 5 years worldwide. However, the response and the roles of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in RV clearance have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we established the neonatal rhesus monkey model of RV infection with histopathological changes in the small intestine. Then, we investigated gene expression changes in PBMCs from the monkey model of RV infection. Similar pathways regulated in rhesus monkeys that received intragastric administration of the RV monkey SA11 strain (G3P[2]) and the human wild-type strain ZTR-68 (G1P[8]). Gene profiling showed differences in functional genes mainly associated with chemokine signaling pathways and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions post RV infection. Transferrin and C-C motif chemokine ligand 23 (CCL23) gene expression were upregulated in PBMCs of monkeys when stimulated by simian and human RV strains. Monkeys infected with RV had an enhanced and prolonged inflammatory response that was associated with increased levels of CCL20, CCL23, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; while inhibition of major histocompatibility complex class I expression may be important for immune evasion by RV. The RV infection was also characterized by pathological changes in the small intestine with a cytokine and chemokine storm. This study identified the chemokine signaling pathway and immune response genes involved in RV infection in infant rhesus monkeys. The SA11 RV strain is more suitable for establishing a monkey diarrhea model than the ZTR-68 RV strain.

Ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to R848 in children after supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM/Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07

“…MIP-3α is responsible for the chemoattraction of immature dendritic cells (DC), effector/ memory T-cells and B-cells and plays a role in inflammation in skin and mucosal surfaces. In an animal model of rotavirus infection, Zhou et al (2019) demonstrated that neonatal rhesus monkeys showed elevated blood levels of the chemokines MPIF-1and MIP-3α after infection with human rotaviruses suggesting they play an important role in the inflammatory response. A recent meta-analysis showed that probiotics exert a positive effect in reducing the duration of acute rotavirus diarrhoea compared with controls (Ahmadi et al, 2015).…”

Differentially Evolutionary Pathways and Their Interactions in Genes Expressed in Brain of Human and Macaque

“…In addition to the metabolic gene family, immune pathways include the IL, CXC and CC gene families, although the speci c FAS gene family is also included in immune diseases. Studies on the response of CCL gene family to virus infection in species and interspeci c differences of FAS gene family have recently been demonstrated (Buse and Markert 2019;Zhou, Qiao et al 2019). Interestingly, some genes of the CAMK2 and PRKA gene families are shared by olfactory transduction and circadian entrainment pathways, moreover these genes are related to the change of gravity, saline adaptability and other environmental factors (Chen, Lu et al 2017;Abe, Yamaoka et al 2019).…”

Toxocara canis Differentially Affects Hepatic MicroRNA Expression in Beagle Dogs at Different Stages of Infection

“…Previous research found that vitamin B6 as a co-factor was involved in the inflammation response (50). It was reported that a high level of cytokine-cytokine motif chemokine ligand 1 could enhance and prolong the inflammatory response (51). The glycosaminoglycan pathway interacts with multiple ligands, which play an essential role in the inflammatory reaction (52).…”