“…Various inorganic and organic nanomaterials such as silica nanoparticles [ 593 ], Manganese ferrite nanoparticles [ 594 ], copper ferrite nanoparticles [ 595 ], Titanium oxide nanoparticles [ 256 ], Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) [ 178 , 295 ], Graphene nanosheets [ 110 ], ZnO nanoparticles [ 596 ], carbon nanotubes and nanospheres [ 206 , 310 , 415 ], gold nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanoparticles have been used as carriers to immobilize enzymes. The advantages associated with immobilizing enzymes on nanomaterials are: they provide high surface area for enzyme attachment and high effective enzyme loading, high mechanical resistance, and their similar size to enzymes ensures minimal diffusion limitations and a reduced mass transfer resistance [ 75 , 192 , 597 ].…”