Immigrant enclaves and risk of diabetes: a prospective study

Abstract

BackgroundThe diversity of the Swedish population has increased substantially over the past three decades. The aim of this study was to assess whether living in an ethnic enclave is associated with risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) among first and second-generation immigrants and native Swedes.MethodsCumulative incidence of DM in three urban municipalities was assessed from 2006–2010 by linking records from the national census, multi-generational family register, and prescription drug register. Immigrant enclaves were identified using Moran’s Index. Multi-level logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between enclave residence and risk of DM for three groups: Iraqi immigrants, non-Iraqi immigrants, and native Swedes (N = 887,603).ResultsThe cumulative incidence of DM was greater in Iraqi enclaves compared to other neighborhoods (4.7% vs. 2.3%). Among Iraqi immigrants, enclave residence was not associated with odds of DM (Odds ratio (OR): 1.03, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.86 – 1.24). Among other immigrants, enclave residence was not associated with DM after accounting for neighborhood deprivation. Among native Swedes, enclave residence was associated with elevated risk of DM even after accounting for neighborhood deprivation and individual-level characteristics (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.11 – 1.36).ConclusionsResidential ethnic composition is associated with DM but this relationship differs across ethnic group. Enclave residence is not associated with increased odds of DM for immigrants, regardless of their nation of origin, but it is associated with increased likelihood of DM for native Swedes.

Swedish version of measuring cultural awareness in nursing students: validity and reliability test

“…Nearly eighteen percent of the Swedish population is foreign-born [ 3 ], 20.6 % of Canada’s population are immigrants [ 4 ] and 28 % of the Australian population are born overseas [ 5 ]. Foreign-born residents are shown to have an increased risk of varying health problems such as diabetes [ 6 , 7 ] malnutrition [ 8 ], mental illness [ 9 – 13 ] and psychosomatic problems [ 6 ] due to mental stress. This puts demands on nurses to meet the unique needs of people from different cultures.…”

Side effects of labor market policies*

“…It contains information on the universe of individual drug prescriptions, including the type of medication and the date of the prescription. Validation studies show that the quality of the register is high (Wettermark et al, 2007), and it is used in various epidemiological research studies (see, e.g., Kramers, 2003; Hollander et al, 2013; Mezuk et al, 2014). All drugs are classified by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System that is used for the classification of active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological, and chemical properties.…”

Side Effects of Labor Market Policies

“…The latter ensures that we only consider fresh entries into unemployment (so no returnees from ALMP or periods of sickness, etc.). Our final estimation sample includes 368,487 studies show that the quality of the register is high (Wettermark et al, 2007), and it is used in various epidemiological research studies (see, e.g., Kramers, 2003;Hollander et al, 2013;Mezuk et al, 2014). All drugs are classified by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System that is used for the classification of active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties.…”