IEA World Energy Outlook 2010—A comment

Khatib, Hisham

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.02.017

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Coal is one of the most important energy sources in the world [1]. Even though its consumption has decreased in the past years, coal will persist in the domination of primary energy for the next several decades [2][3][4]. Improving the coal mining technology sustainably to alleviate the damage to the environment is the preferred choice for countries that lack oil sources while rich in coal [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Q-Network for Optimal Decision for Top-Coal Caving

Yang

et al. 2020

Energies

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In top-coal caving, the window control of hydraulic support is a key issue to the perfect economic benefit. The window is driven by the electro-hydraulic control system whose command is produced by the control model and the corresponding algorithm. However, the model of the window’s control is hard to establish, and the optimal policy of window action is impossible to calculate. This paper studies the issue theoretically and, based on the 3D simulation platform, proposes a deep reinforcement learning method to regulate the window action for top-coal caving. Then, the window control of top-coal caving is considered as the Markov decision process, for which the deep Q-network method of reinforcement learning is employed to regulate the window’s action effectively. In the deep Q-network, the reward of each step is set as the control criterion of the window action, and a four-layer fully connected neural network is used to approximate the optimal Q-value to get the optimal action of the window. The 3D simulation experiments validated the effectiveness of the proposed method that the reward of top-coal caving could increase to get a better economic benefit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Q-Network for Optimal Decision for Top-Coal Caving

Yang

et al. 2020

Energies

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“…In WEO-2011 [20], for the first time, the share of unconventional gas in the future energy mix is projected to significantly rise, accounting of 50% of the increase in gas production over the period 2011 to 2035. Instead, only two years before, WEO-2010 [21] expected a small percentage of increase in the medium-terms, although unconventional gas had already attracted interest in previous years.…”

Section: Future Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Trends in the World Gas Market: Economical, Geopolitical and Environmental Aspects

et al. 2016

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Natural gas is considered by energy experts to be the most promising fossil fuel for the 21st century, and as a matter of fact, the International Energy Agency (IEA) introduced for the first time in the 2011 World Energy Outlook a high gas use scenario called the "Golden Age of Gas". Natural gas is an easy to burn and clean fuel; its proven reserves are large and furthermore, enormous possibilities are offered by unconventional resources. There are anyway some geopolitical concerns in the global gas market, since the most important reserves are concentrated in a limited number of countries; the environmental impacts in the extraction of shale gas should also be taken into account. The paper presents an updated and thorough overview of recent advances and trends in the global gas market, highlighting the role of Europe in the World scenario. Statistical data from the main international reports are presented; economical, geopolitical and especially environmental aspects are presented and discussed.

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“…This uncertainty makes it difficult to identify consistent research methods for analysis, prediction, and policy making [17]. In this paper, our understanding of CRS is an extension of the definition of energy security from the International Energy Agency (IEA), which is widely accepted and appears in many articles [18][19][20][21]. We define CRS as the uninterrupted availability of coal resources at an affordable price.…”

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confidence: 99%

Coal Resource Security Assessment in China: A Study Using Entropy-Weight-Based TOPSIS and BP Neural Network

2020

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Energy security has become a worldwide issue in recent years. Coal resources security (CRS), an important part of energy security, has been an emerging concern in many countries, due to the diminishing fossil energy reserve and unbalanced energy structure. However, there is no universally agreed method of constructing indicator system for CRS assessment. Subjectivity in the process of evaluation also affects the results of assessment. Moreover, CRS is a complex system that should be evaluated scientifically under diverse methods. Therefore, we constructed an indicator system and evaluation model of CRS and used a case study of China and 31 provinces in its mainland to evaluate CRS at both national and provincial levels. The indicator system included two subsystems-long-term CRS and short-term CRS. We also chose a few elements and factors that are consistent with China's reality. Different research methods were used: the entropy-weight-based TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method is applied to evaluate the degree of CRS, which avoids the subjectivity of weight determination and reflects the relative merit of each indicator; the BP (Back-Propagation) Neural Network method is used to analyze the sensitivity of CRS to each index. The results show that the national level of CRS dropped in the early years but slowly picked up with the help of government intervention. Investment in coal industry development resulted in the immediate effect of improving CRS. The positive impact of maintaining environmental sustainability is stable over either the short, medium, or long term. The degrees of CRS vary significantly across provinces, even between those with similar coal stock levels. Extra attention should be paid to the transportation of coal resources among provinces and intervention to balance supply and demand within the regions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2294 2 of 15As a developing country with rapid economic growth, China faces a unique energy dilemma [6]. Its energy structure is extremely unbalanced: two-thirds of its energy consumption is provided by coal. The high reliance on coal makes the coal strategy a primary concern of policy makers [7]. Further, the objective assessment and understanding of coal resource status are the basis for making relevant government policy. Therefore, in this article, we will carry out an evaluation of coal resources security (CRS) in China.China's CRS situation is complicated. Fossil energy usage (mainly coal) results in China suffering enormous pressure from environmental pollution and climate problems [8]. There are many conflicts and contradictions in the development and utilization of coal resources, including the overcapacity of coal resources, the unreasonable allocation of coal resources in time and space [9], etc. As coal imports increase, China is closely connected to the international market, which means it is vulnerable to international terrorism and global geopolitical risks [10]. In such a complex context, many scholars have come t...

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IEA World Energy Outlook 2010—A comment

Cited by 39 publications

References 2 publications

Deep Q-Network for Optimal Decision for Top-Coal Caving

Deep Q-Network for Optimal Decision for Top-Coal Caving

Recent Trends in the World Gas Market: Economical, Geopolitical and Environmental Aspects

Coal Resource Security Assessment in China: A Study Using Entropy-Weight-Based TOPSIS and BP Neural Network

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