Identification of genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and determination of the seroprevalence of HEV in eastern China

Dong, Chen; Xing, Dan; Shao, Jiasheng; Hu, Kuang Chun; Meng, Jingjing

doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0882-0

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Multivariate analysis of the data indicated that HEV prevalence varied according to occupational activity and geographical location. Differences in HEV seroprevalence between rural and urban areas have been described (8,32), the existence of regional differences has previously been reported (26,42), and field workers in Ger- many and the United States have been identified as being at risk (9,15). In addition, it should be noted that variations in seroprevalence in different French regions did not correlate with the pig population in these regions (Table 5) but correlated with the regional variations in the frequency of car accidents due to wild boars (per 1,000 km 2 ), an indirect means to evaluate the level of contacts between humans and wild boars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Forestry Workers and in Wild Boars in France

et al. 2012

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f Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a fecally and orally transmitted human pathogen of worldwide distribution. In industrial countries, HEV is observed in an increasing number of autochthonous cases and is considered to be an emerging pathogen. A growing body of evidence suggests that HEV is a zoonotic disease, and pig handlers and pig veterinarians have been reported to be high-risk groups for HEV infection. The aims of the present study were to establish the prevalence of anti-HEV in wild boars in France and to identify whether forestry workers are at a higher risk of HEV infection. Three different anti-HEV tests were used to compare their effectiveness in detecting anti-HEV in the general population. The most sensitive test was then used to investigate HEV seroprevalence in 593 forestry workers and 421 wild boars. Anti-HEV was detected in 31% of the forestry workers and 14% of the wild boars. Detection of anti-HEV in humans was correlated with age, geographical location, and occupational activity and in wild boars was correlated with geographical location. HEV infection is frequent in woodcutters in France, and it varies geographically. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate the transmission route and the exact virus reservoirs.H epatitis E virus (HEV) is a nonenveloped, single-strand RNA virus that has been classified as the prototype and sole member in the Hepevirus genus of the Hepeviridae family (29). The viral genome of about 7.2 kb contains 3 partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes nonstructural viral proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and ORF3 encodes a small multifunctional protein. Four major HEV genotypes belonging to a single serotype have been identified (11). Genotype 1 is detected in most cases of human HEV disease (waterborne epidemics and sporadic cases), genotype 2 is rare and has been found in several epidemics in Mexico and central Africa, and genotypes 3 and 4 are detected in swine and in autochthonous HEV infections in industrial countries (5,19,20,30,34,39,45,49).HEV is a significant fecally and orally transmitted human pathogen of worldwide distribution, causing self-limited disease with mortality rates of 1 to 3% in the general population and up to 20 to 25% in pregnant women. In developing countries, HEV outbreaks have been attributed to feces-contaminated water supplies. In industrial countries, HEV is observed in travelers returning from countries where HEV is endemic and in an increasing number of individuals with no history of traveling to regions where HEV is endemic, particularly in France (5, 6, 20). Molecular analysis of HEV strains has revealed that the strains identified in nonimported HEV cases form a group of genetically divergent isolates compared to HEV strains in regions where HEV is endemic (31, 39). The modes of transmission of sporadic nonimported cases and of autochthonous cases have rarely been determined, with the exception of zoonotic food-borne transmission from pigs, wild boars, and wild deer (19,25,40,41,4...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Forestry Workers and in Wild Boars in France

et al. 2012

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“…On the contrary, northern Xinjiang, without a history of hepatitis E outbreaks or epidemics, showed similar positive rates to that of eastern China (17.2%). 31 One human HEV strain, CHN-XJ-HE29, isolated from an individual of Han nationality with acute sporadic hepatitis E shared 100% nucleotide identity with swine HEV strain CHN-XJ-SW50. Furthermore, both the HEV isolates were identified from the same district in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Animals and Humans in Xinjiang, China: Possibility of Swine to Human Transmission of Sporadic Hepatitis E in an Endemic Area

Li²,

Zhu³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Hepatitis E is a worldwide public health problem, especially in areas with poor sanitation. This study examines the potential hepatitis E virus (HEV) animal reservoirs and the current status of HEV infection among animals and humans in an endemic area of Xinjiang, China. One thousand five hundred twenty-one serum samples from 12 different animal species and 296 sera from humans were detected for anti-HEV with an in-house enzyme immunoassay, and partial HEV RNA was amplified with a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). All these distinct animal species, except jerboa and hoptoad, were positive for anti-HEV. However, HEV RNA was only amplified from pigs and a sporadic hepatitis E case in humans. The human HEV strain (CHN-XJ-HE29) shared 100% nucleotide identity with the swine HEV strain (CHN-XJ-SW50), both of which were collected from the same district; this indicates the possibility of HEV transmission from swine to humans in an endemic area.

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“…Ltd., Singapore Science Park, Singa-pore), and negative for IgM antibodies against hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus core antigen and for IgG antibody against hepatitis C virus. The second group was composed of samples from 37 acute hepatitis E patients who were diagnosed by the detection of HEV RNA (7). The third group included 117 sera which were positive for anti-HEV IgM, repeatedly detected with a Genelabs kit.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are four major genotypes of HEV identified, yet there is only a single serotype (19). In China, most sporadic cases are caused by genotype 4 (7,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Truncated Immunodominant Polypeptide from Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) ORF2 in an Assay To Exclude Nonspecific Binding in Detecting Anti-HEV Immunoglobulin M

Pan

Zhang²,

Zhou

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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The diagnosis of recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection depends on serologic testing for anti-HEV IgM; however, false-positive results may occur. In the present study, we cloned the ORF2 fragment of genotype 4 HEV and demonstrated that a subregion covering amino acids 459 to 607 in ORF2 forms the immunodominant B-cell epitopes, as it does in genotype 1 viruses. Truncation of several residues from either the N or C terminus of the polypeptide abolished the reactivity of anti-HEV from naturally infected persons. By the combination of high reactivity of the immunodominant polypeptide and poor reactivity of the truncated polypeptide, we established an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-HEV IgM. In this assay, all 37 sera that were HEV RNA positive reacted with the immunodominant polypeptide but not with the truncated one, and none of 159 sera from healthy persons reacted with either of the polypeptides. In retesting of 117 sera that originally tested positive for anti-HEV IgM, using a Genelabs kit, only 34 were positive and 83 were negative. Western blot analyses and other experiments strongly indicated that these 83 discordant sera were negative for anti-HEV IgM. Furthermore, among the 117 sera, 5 reacted with both the immunodominant and truncated polypeptides, with comparable optical densities at 450 nm. However, their reactivity was demonstrated to result from nonspecific binding. Together, the data indicate that the poor reactivity of a truncated ORF2 polypeptide can be used to exclude nonspecific binding in the detection of anti-HEV IgM.Hepatitis E virus (HEV), transmitted by the fecal-oral route, is the main cause of acute self-limiting hepatitis in many developing countries (1, 2, 19). Recently, HEV infection and the disease hepatitis E have also attained attention in industrialized countries (3,14). HEV is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a genome of approximately 7.2 kb. The viral genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs). There are four major genotypes of HEV identified, yet there is only a single serotype (19). In China, most sporadic cases are caused by genotype 4 (7, 13).Clinically, hepatitis E is not distinguishable from acute hepatitis caused by other viruses. Thus, the diagnosis of hepatitis E depends upon laboratory evidence of recent infection. Detection of HEV RNA in serum or feces by reverse transcription (RT) and nested or real-time PCR is direct evidence of acute infection; however, in addition to the expensiveness of the assays, viremia usually exists at the early acute phase and subsides soon after the apparent symptoms. Thus, the approach of detecting HEV RNA is not a practical way to clinically diagnose hepatitis E.Detection of IgM antibody against HEV (anti-HEV IgM) in serum can diagnose acute HEV infection. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for IgM are available; these assays were established based on recombinant antigens and/or synthetic polypeptides derived from ORF2 and/or ORF3 sequences (4,6,26,28). However...

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Identification of genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and determination of the seroprevalence of HEV in eastern China

Cited by 42 publications

References 20 publications

High Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Forestry Workers and in Wild Boars in France

High Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Forestry Workers and in Wild Boars in France

Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Animals and Humans in Xinjiang, China: Possibility of Swine to Human Transmission of Sporadic Hepatitis E in an Endemic Area

Application of Truncated Immunodominant Polypeptide from Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) ORF2 in an Assay To Exclude Nonspecific Binding in Detecting Anti-HEV Immunoglobulin M

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