Identification and HPLC Quantification of Aflatoxins in Dried Chili Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) in Mexico and Other Countries

Rosas-Contreras, Conrado; Carvajal-Moreno, Magda; Rojo-Callejas, Francisco; Ruíz-Velasco, Silvia

doi:10.4172/2157-7609.1000198

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…5, 0.05 to 0.1% sodium benzoate and 0.05% potassium or sodium sorbate as preservatives, potassium sugar, condiments and herbs, monosodium glutamate, and artificial EDTA with unknown effects for the AF analysis. Notably, the AFs in chili pepper sauces were not diminished in comparison to those observed in raw dry chili peppers in Mexico [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…AFs are also considered the most important mycotoxins because they are the most frequently detected in many types of foods, including cereals [3], oilseeds [4], spices [5], milk [6,7] and dairy products, eggs [8], and animal derivatives, such as poultry litter [9] or hen breast muscle [10]. AFs are also biomarkers associated with DNA, RNA and proteins such as albumin, can accumulate in nucleic acids for years as adducts, and are active carcinogens [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AFs are also biomarkers associated with DNA, RNA and proteins such as albumin, can accumulate in nucleic acids for years as adducts, and are active carcinogens [11]. Chili peppers are spices particularly susceptible to Aflatoxin (AF) contamination [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of Aflatoxins (Mutagens and Carcinogens) in Industrialized Chili Sauces

HG¹,

M²

2016

Pharm Anal Acta

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most frequent mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens detected in food, and they are also present in all types of chili peppers and sauces made with them. Fifty-two different industrialized chili pepper sauces from markets in Mexico were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2). The chemical AF extraction and high performance liquid chromatography methods were validated based on the following parameters: selectivity, linearity (calibration curves), recovery percentages, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). The square of correlation coefficients (R2) were AFB1: 0.9973; AFB2: 0.9892; AFG: 0.9969; and AFG2: 0.9986. All curves were correct, with an average regression coefficient of R2 > 0.9892. The percentage of recovery, was 83% for AFB1 , 75% for AFB2, 96% for AFG1, and 81% for AFG2. The Limits of Detection (LOD) were 0.1 ng for AFB1, 0.01 ng for AFB2, 0.01 ng for AFG1, and 0.5 ng for AFG2.For the statistical analysis, the different chili sauce groups were analyzed and compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test, and the results showed no statistically significant differences among the samples with respect to the total aflatoxins (AFt) amounts. The removal of all high mutagenic levels of AFG1 (> 10 ppb) from the analysis did not change the results. Eight chili pepper sauces (15%) from the different groups surpassed the 10 ppb AFt tolerance limit of the Codex Alimentarius and had 15 to 116 µg kg-1 AFt. The average AFt from the 52 samples was 3.69 µg kg-1, which were all within the globally accepted limits. Thus, these results suggest that there is no consistent basis for warning the public about AFs in the most commonly used salsas, but their use should be moderated because many are not safe to eat. PAA, an open access journal Volume 7 • Issue 5 • 1000477Patients with psoriatic lesions are unresponsive to low capsaicin concentrations [61]. Capsaicin cream also showed good results for the Citation: Carvajal-Domínguez HG, Carvajal-Moreno M, Ruiz-Velasco S, Alvarez-Bañuelos MT (2016) Presence of Aflatoxins (Mutagens and

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of Aflatoxins (Mutagens and Carcinogens) in Industrialized Chili Sauces

HG¹,

M²

2016

Pharm Anal Acta

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“…Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most frequent carcinogen in food for humans and animal feed, such as vegetables (chilli-pepper [2], maize [3], oilseeds such as nuts [4], peanuts [5], etc. ), their derivative products (industrialized chili sauces [6], tortillas [7], beers [8], dry fruits [9], peanut butter [10], etc.)…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Gastroenterologists Consider Aflatoxins as Origin of Digestive System Cancers?

Carvajal-Moreno¹

2017

J Pharmacovigil

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Aflatoxins are important etiological factors for cancers in the digestive system that have not been extensively studied. The present review describes reports of the presence of aflatoxins in cancers of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, colon and rectum. The presence of AFB 1 -FAPY adducts and mutations in codon 249 of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in colorectal cancer tumors and Ki-ras activation by point mutation in pancreas cancer are reliable criteria to accept AFs as an important etiological factor. The Ministries of Health of the different countries should perform more preventive practices on crops in the field and in warehouses; they should chemically analyze aflatoxins in fresh and industrialized foods for humans and feeds for animals to avoid the presence of these dangerous toxins.

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“…Few works are reported in literature for the estimation of aflatoxins in different red chili varieties. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] …”

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confidence: 99%

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Sailaja¹

2017

AJP

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Introduction: Aflatoxins are hepatogenic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic fungal metabolites found in feeds, nuts, wine-grapes, spices, and other grain crops. Humans are exposed to AFs through consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in red chili samples collected at different locations in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Aflatoxins were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method using chloroform solvent. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of aflatoxins present in the samples was analyzed using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Results and Discussions: Among the samples in the study, two samples S3 and S7 were not infected with aflatoxin producing fungi. In sample S5, aflatoxin G1, G2, and B2 were identified and G1 was found to be very high (21.32 ng/g). The high amount of aflatoxin B2 (34.02 ng/g) was observed in sample S2. Among the samples having aflatoxins, aflatoxin G2 was found in all the samples. Strict measures are necessary to produce highquality red chilies. Red chili berry must be treated to reduce molds before the production of powders for consumption.

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Identification and HPLC Quantification of Aflatoxins in Dried Chili Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) in Mexico and Other Countries

Cited by 6 publications

References 53 publications

Presence of Aflatoxins (Mutagens and Carcinogens) in Industrialized Chili Sauces

Presence of Aflatoxins (Mutagens and Carcinogens) in Industrialized Chili Sauces

Do Gastroenterologists Consider Aflatoxins as Origin of Digestive System Cancers?

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