Identification and characterization of QTL underlying whole‐plant physiology in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>: δ<sup>13</sup>C, stomatal conductance and transpiration efficiency

Juenger, Thomas E.; McKay, John; Hausmann, Neil; Keurentjes, Joost J. B.; Sen, Sáunak; Stowe, Kirk A.; Dawson, Todd E.; Simms, Ellen L.; Richards, James H.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01313.x

Cited by 166 publications

(182 citation statements)

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“…However, under this mechanism, greater discrimination would be indicative of greater WUE, which is exactly the opposite of how d 13 C is interpreted when stomatal conductance is assumed to be the dominant mechanism affecting both d 13 C and WUE. Our finding stresses the importance of identifying the mechanism underlying variation in d 13 C in quantitative genetic studies (Juenger et al 2005), when interpreting the ecological significance of this variation. Figure 4 Carbon isotope data suggest that amphistomy (greater stomatal ratio) decreases the distance between stomata and chloroplast.…”

Section: Structure-function Relationship Reveals the Mechanistic Signmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Our third goal was to more directly dissect the mechanistic significance of variation in these stomatal traits by evaluating their association with variation in carbon isotope discrimination (d 13 C), a widely used indicator of integrated water-use efficiency (WUE) in quantitative genetic studies (McKay et al 2003(McKay et al , 2008Juenger et al 2005). Both traits potentially affect water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination; however, because each trait influences different steps in the CO 2 diffusion pathway (atmosphere / inside of leaf vs. inside of leaf / chloroplasts; see Materials and Methods and Discussion), the correlation between these different stomatal traits and d 13 C can be used to infer which portion of this diffusion pathway is more functionally significant in these species.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Genetic Analysis Indicates Natural Selection on Leaf Phenotypes Across Wild Tomato Species (Solanumsect.Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

2014

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Adaptive evolution requires both raw genetic material and an accessible path of high fitness from one fitness peak to another. In this study, we used an introgression line (IL) population to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf traits thought to be associated with adaptation to precipitation in wild tomatoes (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon; Solanaceae). A QTL sign test showed that several traits likely evolved under directional natural selection. Leaf traits correlated across species do not share a common genetic basis, consistent with a scenario in which selection maintains trait covariation unconstrained by pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium. Two large effect QTL for stomatal distribution colocalized with key genes in the stomatal development pathway, suggesting promising candidates for the molecular bases of adaptation in these species. Furthermore, macroevolutionary transitions between vastly different stomatal distributions may not be constrained when such large-effect mutations are available. Finally, genetic correlations between stomatal traits measured in this study and data on carbon isotope discrimination from the same ILs support a functional hypothesis that the distribution of stomata affects the resistance to CO 2 diffusion inside the leaf, a trait implicated in climatic adaptation in wild tomatoes. Along with evidence from previous comparative and experimental studies, this analysis indicates that leaf traits are an important component of climatic niche adaptation in wild tomatoes and demonstrates that some trait transitions between species could have involved few, large-effect genetic changes, allowing rapid responses to new environmental conditions. T HE course of phenotypic evolution depends upon both the genetic basis of functionally important traits and the mechanistic relationship between traits. All else being equal, traits governed by mutations of large phenotypic effect with low pleiotropy can respond to selection more readily than traits that are complex, highly pleiotropic, and/or strongly correlated with other traits. Hence, the genetic basis of trait differences and covariation influences which phenotypic axes are most likely to respond to selection in new environmental conditions; understanding this underlying architecture therefore provides insight into the genetic mechanisms constraining or facilitating phenotypic evolution (Lee et al. 2014). It can also indicate which evolutionary forces are responsible for trait differences within and between species. When adaptation to a complex ecological niche involves many traits, for example, genetic analysis can determine whether correlations between traits are caused by a shared genetic basis (pleiotropy) or whether natural selection favors trait combinations because they function well together (coselection). The magnitude and direction of allelic effects between phenotypically divergent genotypes can also be used to infer whether this divergence is consistent with directional natural selection (Orr 1998b;Rieseberg et al. 2002)...

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Section: Structure-function Relationship Reveals the Mechanistic Signmentioning

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative Genetic Analysis Indicates Natural Selection on Leaf Phenotypes Across Wild Tomato Species (Solanumsect.Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

2014

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“…Although one study in Arabidopsis found a major QTL encoding the transcription factor, ERECTA, which explained up to 64% of the phenotypic variation in a Landsberg × Columbia RI population (Masle et al 2005), studies evaluating genetic variation for carbon isotope discrimination in other plant species have identified multiple QTLs of smaller effect associated with the trait. For example, in another population of Arabidopsis, two to five QTLs were identified Juenger et al 2005). In rice, one to three QTLs for Δ 13 C were identified by Laza et al (2006) and Takai et al (2006), three to five by Price et al (2002), and four by Xu et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analysis of Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the Leaf Level

This

Comstock

Courtois

et al. 2010

Rice

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Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ 13 C) is considered as an index of leaf-level water use efficiency, an important objective for plant breeders seeking to conserve water resources. We report in rice a genetic analysis for Δ 13 C, leaf structural parameters, gas exchange, stomatal conductance, and leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations. Doubled haploid and recombinant inbred populations, both derived from the cross IR64 × Azucena, were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis following greenhouse experiments. Δ 13 C QTLs on the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 5 were colocalized with QTLs associated with leaf blade width, length, and flatness, while a QTL cluster for Δ 13 C, photosynthesis parameters, and ABA was observed in the near-centromeric region of chromosome 4. These results are consistent with phenotypic correlations and suggest that genetic variation in carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance contribute to the genetic variation for Δ 13 C in this population.

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“…Such a selection has been facilitated by the widespread use of δ 13 C, a proxy for daytime TE based on the carbon isotope discrimination that occurs during photosynthesis (8). This strategy has been successfully implemented in both model plants and crops to detect genomic regions associated with the control of TE, which are being exploited in breeding programs (9,10), or serve as starting points to investigate the genetic determinism and ecological significance of the variation in TE (11)(12)(13).…”

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Reduced nighttime transpiration is a relevant breeding target for high water-use efficiency in grapevine

Coupel‐Ledru

Lebon

Christophe

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

123

101

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Increasing water scarcity challenges crop sustainability in many regions. As a consequence, the enhancement of transpiration efficiency (TE)-that is, the biomass produced per unit of water transpired-has become crucial in breeding programs. This could be achieved by reducing plant transpiration through a better closure of the stomatal pores at the leaf surface. However, this strategy generally also lowers growth, as stomatal opening is necessary for the capture of atmospheric CO 2 that feeds daytime photosynthesis. Here, we considered the reduction in transpiration rate at night (E n ) as a possible strategy to limit water use without altering growth. For this purpose, we carried out a genetic analysis for E n and TE in grapevine, a major crop in drought-prone areas. Using recently developed phenotyping facilities, potted plants of a cross between Syrah and Grenache cultivars were screened for 2 y under well-watered and moderate soil water deficit scenarios. High genetic variability was found for E n under both scenarios and was primarily associated with residual diffusion through the stomata. Five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected that underlay genetic variability in E n . Interestingly, four of them colocalized with QTLs for TE. Moreover, genotypes with favorable alleles on these common QTLs exhibited reduced E n without altered growth. These results demonstrate the interest of breeding grapevine for lower water loss at night and pave the way to breeding other crops with this underexploited trait for higher TE.night transpiration | transpiration efficiency | growth | stomata | QTL

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Identification and characterization of QTL underlying whole‐plant physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana: δ¹³C, stomatal conductance and transpiration efficiency

Cited by 166 publications

References 65 publications

Quantitative Genetic Analysis Indicates Natural Selection on Leaf Phenotypes Across Wild Tomato Species (Solanumsect.Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

Quantitative Genetic Analysis Indicates Natural Selection on Leaf Phenotypes Across Wild Tomato Species (Solanumsect.Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

Genetic Analysis of Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the Leaf Level

Reduced nighttime transpiration is a relevant breeding target for high water-use efficiency in grapevine

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Identification and characterization of QTL underlying whole‐plant physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana: δ13C, stomatal conductance and transpiration efficiency

Cited by 166 publications

References 65 publications

Quantitative Genetic Analysis Indicates Natural Selection on Leaf Phenotypes Across Wild Tomato Species (Solanumsect.Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

Quantitative Genetic Analysis Indicates Natural Selection on Leaf Phenotypes Across Wild Tomato Species (Solanumsect.Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

Genetic Analysis of Water Use Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the Leaf Level

Reduced nighttime transpiration is a relevant breeding target for high water-use efficiency in grapevine

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Identification and characterization of QTL underlying whole‐plant physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana: δ¹³C, stomatal conductance and transpiration efficiency