Identification and characterization of a G-quadruplex structure in the pre-core promoter region of hepatitis B virus

Abstract

Worldwide, ∼250 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and are at increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The HBV persists as covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which acts as the template for all HBV mRNA transcripts. Nucleos(t)ide analogs do not directly target the HBV cccDNA and cannot eradicate the HBV. We have discovered a unique structural motif, a G-quadruplex in HBV’s pre-core promoter region that is conserved amongst nearly all genotypes, and is central to critical steps in the viral life-cycle including the production of pre-genomic RNA, core and polymerase proteins, and encapsidation. Thus, an increased understanding of the HBV pre-core may lead to the development of novel anti-HBV cccDNA targets. We utilized biophysical methods to characterize the presence of the G-quadruplex, employed assays using a known quadruplex-binding protein (DHX36) to pull-down HBV cccDNA, and compared HBV infection in HepG2 cells transfected with wild-type and mutant HBV plasmids. This study provides insights into the presence of a G-quadruplex in the HBV pre-core promoter region essential for HBV replication. The evaluation of this critical host-protein interaction site in the HBV cccDNA may ultimately facilitate the development of novel anti-HBV therapeutics against the resilient cccDNA template.

Molecular mechanism of quorum sensing inhibition in Streptococcus by the phage protein paratox

“…Each frame was exposed to the X-rays for 3 seconds, as described previously (45).Data processing and analysis was first performed using the ATSAS (46) software package, including CHROMIXS (29) for peak selection and buffer subtraction, and PRIMUS (30) for further data processing, including Guinier analysis and Kratky analysis. GNOM (33) was used for the calculation of a P(r) distribution and the Dmax for both ComR and ComR:Prx.…”