Ideal cardiovascular health in urban Jamaica: prevalence estimates and relationship to community property value, household assets and educational attainment: a cross-sectional study

McKenzie, Jacinth A.M.; Younger, Novie; Tulloch‐Reid, Marshall K.; Govia, Ishtar; Bennett, Natalie; McFarlane, Shelly R.; Walters, Renee; Webster-Kerr, Karen; Grant, Andriene; Davidson, Tamu; Wilks, Rainford; Williams, David R.; Ferguson, Trevor S.

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040664

Cited by 10 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A recent NCD model of care review in sub-Saharan Africa also revealed that leveraging existing human resources, decentralization of NCD care to primary health facilities, task redistribution including to lay health cadres, designing patient-centered quality of care, and continued training and mentorship are key to successes of NCD treatment and control [24]. Although community screening and sensitization on the need for NCD care is critical, strategies are needed to ensure better linkage and retention into care [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ideal Cardiovascular Health in a Nationally Representative Population-Based Sample of Adults in Malawi

Pengpid

Peltzer

2021

Global Heart

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Background: Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) measures four ideal health behaviours (non-smoking, body mass index <25 kg/m 2 , healthy diet, and physical activity) and three health factors (total cholesterol <200 mg/dL, blood pressure <120/<80 mmHg, and fasting blood glucose <100 mg/dL). Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, distribution, and correlates of ICH among adults in Malawi. Methods: National cross-sectional survey data of 3,441 persons aged 18–69 years with complete ICH measurements in Malawi in 2017 were analysed. Results: Almost one in ten (7.4%) of respondents had 0–2 ICH metric), 21.2% 3–4 ICH metrics, and 71.5% 5–7 ICH metrics). Only 3.3% had all seven ICH metrics, 15.3% had intermediate ICH (≥1 metric in the intermediate category and none in the poor category), and 81.5% poor ICH (≥1 metric in poor category). In adjusted logistic regression analysis, older age (50–69 years) (Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR: 0.25, 95% Confidence Interval-CI: 0.17–0.36) and urban residence (AOR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40–0.78) were negatively associated with meeting 5–7 ICH metrics. In addition, in unadjusted analysis, higher education was positively associated with meeting 5–7 ICH metrics. Conclusion: The proportion of meeting 5–7 ICH metrics was high in Malawian adults. Both high-risk and population-wide intervention programmes targeting older adults and urban residents should be implemented in aiding to improve cardiovascular health in Malawi. Highlights The proportion of meeting 5–7 ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) metrics was 71.5% in Malawian adults (18–69 years, median age 32 years). In a sub-group analysis (45–69 years, median age 55 years), 55.9% had 5–7 ideal ICH metrics. ICH was lower with increasing age and among urban residents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ideal Cardiovascular Health in a Nationally Representative Population-Based Sample of Adults in Malawi

Pengpid

Peltzer

2021

Global Heart

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“…More recently, data from JHLS-III found that among urban participants only 52% were classified as having a low salt diet, defined as no added salt at the table and infrequent consumption of processed foods. 25 In keeping with the recommendations of WHO and PAHO and consistent with Caribbean Community (CARICOM) recommendations and a mandate of the Ministry of Health and Wellness in Jamaica, we propose the implementation of a national salt reduction program in order to reduce blood pressure and associated CVD. The program will be aligned with the overall Ministry of Health's National Strategic and Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and the mandate of the Food Industry Task Force.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…3 Some details on the procedures used in JHLS-III have been published. 25 The survey enrolled a nationally representative sample of Jamaicans 15 years and older using a multi-stage sampling design. In the first stage, 171 enumeration districts (EDs) were randomly selected from a national total of 6,241 EDs, with selection probability proportionate to the size of the ED.…”

Section: Component 1: Spot Urine Sodium Analyses Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Jamaica salt consumption, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (Salt-KAP) study: A research protocol

et al. 2022

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Background: Excess dietary salt consumption is a major contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Public education programs on the dangers of high salt intake, and population level interventions to reduce the salt content in foods are possible strategies to address this problem. In Jamaica, there are limited data on the levels of salt consumption and the population’s knowledge and practices with regards to salt consumption. This study therefore aims to obtain baseline data on salt consumption, salt content in foods sold in restaurants, and evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Jamaicans regarding salt consumption. Methods: The study is divided into four components. Component 1 will be a secondary analysis of data on urinary sodium from spot urine samples collected as part of a national survey, the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017. Component 2 will be a survey of chain and non-chain restaurants in Jamaica, to estimate the sodium content of foods sold in restaurants. Component 3 is another national survey, this time on a sample 1,200 individuals to obtain data on knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding salt consumption and estimation of urinary sodium excretion. Component 4 is a validation study to assess the level of agreement between spot urine sodium estimates and 24-hour urinary sodium from 120 individuals from Component 3. Discussion: This study will provide important baseline data on salt consumption in Jamaica and will fulfil the first components of the World Health Organization SHAKE Technical Package for Salt Reduction. The findings will serve as a guide to Jamaica’s Ministry of Health and Wellness in the development of a national salt reduction program. Findings will also inform interventions to promote individual and population level sodium reduction strategies as the country seeks to achieve the national target of a 30% reduction in salt consumption by 2025.

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“…We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data collected as part of the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017 (JHLS-III), a national health examination survey conducted between September 2016 and February 2017. Details of the procedures used in JHLS-III and the protocol for this study have been published previously (24, 25). In brief, trained personnel were engaged to collect data on a wide cross-section of health-related indices using interviewer-administered questionnaires, physical measurements, point-of-care and laboratory measurements and geographic information system (GIS) mapping.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and Potassium Consumption in Jamaica: National Estimates and Associated Factors from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017

Ferguson

Younger-Coleman

Webster-Kerr

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective: To estimate dietary sodium and potassium consumption among Jamaicans and evaluate associations with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017. Participants were non-institutionalized Jamaicans, ≥15 years. Trained staff collected sociodemographic and health data via interviewer administered questionnaires and collected spot urine samples. The Pan American Health Organization Formulae were used to estimate 24-hour urine sodium and potassium excretion. High sodium was defined as ≥2000 mg/day and low potassium as <3510 mg/day (World Health Organization criteria). Associations of these outcomes with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were explored in sex specific multivariable ANOVA models. Results: Analyses included 1009 participants (368 males, 641 females; mean age 48.5 years). Mean sodium excretion was 3582 mg/day (males 3943 mg/day, females 3245 mg/day, p<0.001). Mean potassium excretion was 2052 mg/day (males 2210 mg/day, females 1904 mg/day, p=0.001). The prevalence of high sodium consumption was 66.6% (males 72.8%, female 60.7%, p<0.001) and low potassium intake was 88.8% (85.1% males, 92.3% females, p<0.001). Among males, sodium consumption was inversely associated with older age and prehypertension, but directly associated with current smoking and obesity. Among females, sodium consumption was inversely associated with hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, low GFR and high physical activity, but was directly associated with obesity. Conclusion: Most Jamaican adults have diets high in sodium and low in potassium. Sodium consumption was directly associated with obesity in both men and women. Population based strategies are therefore required to address these cardiovascular risk factors.

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Ideal cardiovascular health in urban Jamaica: prevalence estimates and relationship to community property value, household assets and educational attainment: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Ideal Cardiovascular Health in a Nationally Representative Population-Based Sample of Adults in Malawi

Ideal Cardiovascular Health in a Nationally Representative Population-Based Sample of Adults in Malawi

The Jamaica salt consumption, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (Salt-KAP) study: A research protocol

Sodium and Potassium Consumption in Jamaica: National Estimates and Associated Factors from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2016-2017

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