Iawa List of Microscopic Features for Softwood Identification

Baas, Pieter; Blokhina, Nadezhda I.; Fujii, Tomoyuki; Gasson, Peter; Grosser, D.; Heinz, Immo; Ilic, J.; Jiang, Xiaomei; Miller, Regis B.; Newsom, Lee A.; Noshiro, Shuichi; Richter, Hans G.; Suzuki, Mitsuo; Terrazas, Teresa; Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C.

doi:10.1163/22941932-90000349

Cited by 703 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The use of traditional wood anatomical descriptions following standardized features (IAWA Committee 1989, 2004 has been successfully applied to characterize and compare angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, but we are facing its limits with respect to timber identification at the species level. Computer-assisted classification based on texture features takes into account the standardized anatomical features and at the same time integrates other features like colour variation and acuteness of edges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-assisted timber identification based on features extracted from microscopic wood sections

Lens

Liang

Guo

et al. 2020

IAWA J.

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Wood anatomy is one of the most important methods for timber identification. However, training wood anatomy experts is time-consuming, while at the same time the number of senior wood anatomists with broad taxonomic expertise is declining. Therefore, we want to explore how a more automated, computer-assisted approach can support accurate wood identification based on microscopic wood anatomy. For our exploratory research, we used an available image dataset that has been applied in several computer vision studies, consisting of 112 — mainly neotropical — tree species representing 20 images of transverse sections for each species. Our study aims to review existing computer vision methods and compare the success of species identification based on (1) several image classifiers based on manually adjusted texture features, and (2) a state-of-the-art approach for image classification based on deep learning, more specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). In support of previous studies, a considerable increase of the correct identification is accomplished using deep learning, leading to an accuracy rate up to 95.6%. This remarkably high success rate highlights the fundamental potential of wood anatomy in species identification and motivates us to expand the existing database to an extensive, worldwide reference database with transverse and tangential microscopic images from the most traded timber species and their look-a-likes. This global reference database could serve as a valuable future tool for stakeholders involved in combatting illegal logging and would boost the societal value of wood anatomy along with its collections and experts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-assisted timber identification based on features extracted from microscopic wood sections

Lens

Liang

Guo

et al. 2020

IAWA J.

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“…JEOL JSM-6380. The wood anatomy was described following [14]. The descriptions in [15] and [16] were used to identify the wood.…”

Section: Wood Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Degradation on Wood Hygroscopicity: The Case of a 400-Year-Old Coffin

García-Iruela

Esteban

Fernández

et al. 2020

Forests

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The hygroscopicity and thermodynamic properties of Pinus sylvestris L. wood from a coffin allegedly holding the remains of famous Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547–1616) were studied using the 15 °C and 35 °C isotherms fitted to the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer model and comparing them with the isotherms of recently felled wood of the same species. In addition, using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray diffractograms, the functional groups were determined and the crystallinity and organization of the cell wall components were analyzed. The absence of the 1740 cm−1 group indicates hemicellulose degradation in the archaeological wood, and the X-ray diffractograms show a considerable decrease in cellulose crystallinity and disorganization of the cellulose crystallites. The greater availability of active –OH groups means that the archaeological wood isotherms are above the juvenile and mature wood isotherms, and therefore the thermodynamic balance in the sorption of the archaeological wood is greater.

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“…Apart from the typical pattern of cambium formation, several anomalous cambia differing in their location, development and functioning are known in plants. Their activity is related to the formation of, for example, reticulate or furrowed secondary tissues, inclusions of phloem or xylem, reverse polarity of vascular tissues as well as formation of monkey ladder vines (Carlquist 1988(Carlquist , 1991IAWA Committee 1989;Philipson 1990;Araújo and Costa 2006;Schweingruber et al 2008;Spicer and Groover 2010;Terrazas et al 2011;Angyalossy et al 2012;Rajput et al 2013Rajput et al , 2018Fisher and Blanco 2014). The variety of anomalous cambia results in modified mechanical and conductive properties, increasing diversity of growth forms and demonstrating adaptive potential of plants (Rowe and Speck 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuity of Procambium and Anomalous Cambium During Formation of Successive Cambia in Celosia argentea

Myśkow

Gola

Tulik

2019

J Plant Growth Regul

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The development of woody plants is related to the continuity of the procambium and cambium. Whether such a continuity is present in plants with successive cambia, especially in those, where the first cambium is formed outside the primary vascular bundles, has not been analyzed so far. Therefore, we studied the development of vascular meristem in Celosia argentea, in which the first and successive cambial cylinders arise outside the primary bundles and, intriguingly, in the literature are interpreted as developmentally independent structures. Our results showed that in C. argentea, the outermost procambial cells maintain their meristematic characteristics during differentiation of vascular bundles and divide periclinally, forming the zone of procambium-derived cells outside the primary bundles. This zone comprises parenchyma cells bordering the bundles, and a continuous ring of the incipient cambial cells neighboring the primary cortex. Later in the development, the ability to preserve the outermost cells in the cambium undifferentiated is repeated during the formation of successive cylinders of cambia. Together, our results clearly point to the developmental continuity of the procambium and successive cambia in C. argentea, despite their seemingly spatial distinctiveness. We postulate that the mechanism demonstrated in C. argentea is universal and orchestrates the development of successive cambia in other plant species.

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Iawa List of Microscopic Features for Softwood Identification

Cited by 703 publications

References 37 publications

Computer-assisted timber identification based on features extracted from microscopic wood sections

Computer-assisted timber identification based on features extracted from microscopic wood sections

Effect of Degradation on Wood Hygroscopicity: The Case of a 400-Year-Old Coffin

Continuity of Procambium and Anomalous Cambium During Formation of Successive Cambia in Celosia argentea

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