<i>The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting</i>

Birks, J. B.; Firk, F.W.K.

doi:10.1063/1.3047620

Cited by 606 publications

(283 citation statements)

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“…As can be seen in Eq. (1), for electrons with energies greater than 125 keV in the scintillator, the stopping power becomes very small [38] which makes kB · (dE/dx) 1, as a result, the light output L(E) can be simplified to be a linear relation to higher energies.…”

Section: Energy Calibration For High Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A quenching factor matrix exists between the recoil energy and the visible energy "seen" by the PMTs. The light output in the liquid scintillator can be described by Birks' relation [38,43]:…”

Section: Light Output Response To Fast Neutronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[38], the light output L(E) is a function of the stopping power dE/dx for a charged particle travelling in the scintillator…”

Section: Energy Calibration For High Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring muon-induced neutrons with liquid scintillation detector at Soudan mine

Zhang

Mei

2014

Phys. Rev. D

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We report a direct detection of muon-induced high energy neutrons with a 12-liter neutron detector fabricated with EJ-301 liquid scintillator operating at Soudan Mine for about two years. The detector response to energy from a few MeV up to ∼ 20 MeV has been calibrated using radioactive sources and cosmic-ray muons. Subsequently, we have calculated the scintillation efficiency for nuclear recoils, up to a few hundred MeV, using Birks' law in the Monte Carlo simulation. Data from an exposure of 655.1 days were analyzed and neutron-induced recoil events were observed in the energy region from 4 MeV to 50 MeV, corresponding to fast neutrons with kinetic energy up to a few hundred MeV, depending on the scattering angle. Combining with the Monte Carlo simulation, the measured muon-induced fast neutron flux is determined to be (2.23 ± 0.52(sta.) ± 0.99(sys.)) × 10 −9 cm −2 s −1 (En > 20 MeV), in a reasonable agreement with the model prediction. The muon flux is found to be (1.65 ± 0.02(sta.) ± 0.1(sys.)) × 10 −7 cm −2 s −1 (Eµ > 1 GeV), consistent with other measurements. As a result, the muon-induced high energy gamma-ray flux is simulated to be 7.08 ×10 −7 cm −2 s −1 (Eγ > 1 MeV) for the depth of Soudan.

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Section: Energy Calibration For High Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light Output Response To Fast Neutronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring muon-induced neutrons with liquid scintillation detector at Soudan mine

Zhang

Mei

2014

Phys. Rev. D

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“…A bonding optical adhesive was chosen to fill the space between the CsI(Tl) and photodiode. In order to optimize light transmission, a grease with an index equal to the geometric mean of the two adjoining materials is ideal, or mathematically, 12) (1.78 2.02) 1.82 2 n optimum…”

Section: Gamma-ray Detector Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Optimization of CsI(Tl)-PIN Photodiode for High-Energy Gamma-Ray Detection

Bai

2011

Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology

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A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to induce optimized parameters for CsI(Tl) crystals and large area PIN phohtodiode detectors for applications in high energy gamma ray spectroscopy. In order to derive the optimum parameters we used a Trade-Off procedure between the deposition energy and light transmission efficiency, while varying the detector thickness. Moreover, it was found that the surface treatment of the crystal in the photodiode is also an important factor for good light transmission. The tests were performed using a low noise charge-sensitive preamplifier and a pulse shape amplifier. Concerning the operating condition of the system, it is necessary to shape the time and reverse the bias voltage in order to provide another minimization of noise for the system. In order to maximize the light output from the crystal, the crystal geometry, crystal wrapping, optical bonding and matching to the PIN photodiode were all optimized. With a fixed crystal height of 5 cm, it was best to grind the sides and the top surface of the crystal on the front facing sides of the external reflectors, resulting in about a 14.5% enhancement compared with polishing all the sides and top.

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“…In order to obtain a local light emission, non-radiative processes must dominate the energy transfer from solvent t o d y e [26,39]. The probability ( ) of non-radiative energy transfer increases with dye concentration according to the expression [40] = C=(C+C 0 ). For the LS's considered C 0 ranges between 1.0 and 1.6 g/l, and dye concentrations larger than these values are necessary to ensure a high locality of light emission.…”

Section: Local Light Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution tracking using large capillary bundles filled with liquid scintillator

Annis

Bay

Benussi

et al. 2000

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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We h a v e developed large high-resolution tracking detectors based on glass capillaries lled with organic liquid scintillator of high refractive index. These liquid-core scintillating optical bres act simultaneously as detectors of charged particles and as image guides. Track images projected onto the readout end of a capillary bundle are visualized by an optoelectronic chain consisting of a set of image-intensi er tubes followed by a photosensitive CCD or by an EBCCD camera. Two prototype detectors, each composed of 10 6 capillaries with 20 25 m diameter and 0.9 1.8 m length, have been tested, and a spatial resolution of the order of 20 40 m has been attained. A high scintillation e ciency and a large light-attenuation length, in excess of 3 m, was achieved through special puri cation of the liquid scintillator. Along the tracks of minimum-ionizing particles, the hit densities obtained were 8 hits/mm at the readout window, and 3 hits/mm at 1 m a w a y . The level of radiation resistance of the prototype detectors is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of other tracking devices of comparable performance.

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The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting

Cited by 606 publications

References 0 publications

Measuring muon-induced neutrons with liquid scintillation detector at Soudan mine

Measuring muon-induced neutrons with liquid scintillation detector at Soudan mine

The Optimization of CsI(Tl)-PIN Photodiode for High-Energy Gamma-Ray Detection

High-resolution tracking using large capillary bundles filled with liquid scintillator

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