<i>Symbiodinium tridacnidorum</i>sp. nov., a dinoflagellate common to Indo-Pacific giant clams, and a revised morphological description of<i>Symbiodinium microadriaticum</i>Freudenthal, emended Trench &amp; Blank

Lee, Sung Yeon; Jeong, Hae Jin; Kang, Nam Seon; Jang, Tae Young; Jang, Se Hyeon; LaJeunesse, Todd C.

doi:10.1080/09670262.2015.1018336

Cited by 102 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…It is worth noting that even though we did not identify any Fraginae-specific Symbiodinium subclades within clade C, a more variable genetic marker (e.g., ITS) may reveal a different picture. Species identification for Symbiodinium requires dense population-level sampling; both morphological examination (e.g., Lee et al, 2015) and more genetic markers are needed to clarify host specificity of the diverse Symbiodinium lineages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Photosymbiosis Between Fraginae Bivalves and Symbiodinium Using Phylogenetics and Stable Isotopes

Volsteadt

Kirkendale

et al. 2018

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Photosymbiotic associations between heterotrophic hosts and photosynthetic algae play crucial roles in maintaining the trophic and structural integrity of coral reef ecosystems. The marine bivalve subfamily Fraginae contains both non-symbiotic and photosymbiotic lineages, making it an ideal comparative system to study the origin and evolutionary adaptations of photosymbiosis. The symbiotic species exhibit unique morphological adaptations to photosymbiosis. However, the basic biology of these photosymbiotic relationships, such as symbiont diversity and nutritional benefits, has not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we examined the general morphology of four Fraginae species occupying different depths (0-10 m): Corculum cardissa, Fragum fragum, Fragum scruposum, and Fragum sueziense. Abundant symbionts were found in the mantle, gill, and part of the foot, contained in tubular networks within host tissues. We used molecular phylogenetics to investigate the algal symbiont community of these Fraginae species. Results showed that symbionts from all four species are dinoflagellates belonging to the Symbiodinium clade C and we did not detect any host-specific or geographic-specific genetic structures within the symbionts. We also used stable carbon isotope analyses to examine whether the cockles are directly utilizing photosynthetically derived carbon sources. All species show less depleted 13 C compared to filter-feeding bivalves, suggesting at least part of their organic carbon is derived directly from the symbionts. However, 13 C depletion of Fragum sueziense collected from deeper habitats are less distinguishable from filter-feeding bivalves. This indicates that species in deeper habitats may rely less on photosymbiosis due to the reduced light availability. Given that the symbiotic fragines exhibit varying morphologies, habitats, and utilization of symbiont photosynthesis, the subfamily represents an ideal model system to study differential adaptations to photosymbiosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Photosymbiosis Between Fraginae Bivalves and Symbiodinium Using Phylogenetics and Stable Isotopes

Volsteadt

Kirkendale

et al. 2018

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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“…Species-level diversity is still being assessed, mainly through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2, see LaJeunesse and Trench, 2000), either by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based separation of ITS2 genomic copies (LaJeunesse and Trench, 2000;LaJeunesse, 2002;Thornhill et al, 2006) or by next-generation sequencing based elucidation of ITS2 diversity (Arif et al, 2014;Batovska et al, 2016;Hume et al, 2016;Ziegler et al, 2017). As a result, many new taxa and/or strains have been described recently (LaJeunesse et al, 2012;Hume et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2015;Ziegler et al, 2017), with probably more than 100 extant species being present in the genus Symbiodinium (LaJeunesse, 2001).…”

Section: Symbiodinium Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

et al. 2017

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Symbiodinium are dinoflagellate photosynthetic algae that associate with a diverse array of marine invertebrates, and these relationships are comprehensively documented for adult animal hosts. Conversely, comparatively little is known about the associations during larval development of animal hosts, although four different metazoan phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Acoelomorpha, and Mollusca) produce larvae associated with Symbiodinium. These phyla represent considerable diversities in larval forms, manner of symbiont acquisition, and requirements on the presence of symbionts for successful metamorphosis. Importantly, the different requirements are conveyed by specific symbiont types that are selected by the host animal larvae. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether these associations during larval stages already represent mutualistic interactions, as evident from the relationship of Symbiodinium with their adult animal hosts. For instance, molecular studies suggest that the host larval transcriptome is nearly unaltered after symbiont acquisition. Even so, a symbiosis-specific gene has been identified in Symbiodinium that is expressed in larval host stages, and similar genes are currently being described for host organisms. However, some reports suggest that the metabolic exchange between host larvae and Symbiodinium may not cover the energetic requirements of the host. Here, we review current studies to summarize what is known about the association between metazoan larvae and Symbiodinium. In particular, our aim was to gather in how far the mutualistic relationship present between adult animals hosts and Symbiodinium is already laid out at the time of symbiont acquisition by host larvae. We conclude that the mutualistic relationship between animal hosts and algal symbionts in many cases is not set up during larval development. Furthermore, symbiont identity may influence whether a mutualism can be established during host larval stages.

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“…Many of these exist as dominant, functionally important, symbionts in various animals (LaJeunesse et al, 2009a), including reef-building corals (Baums et al, 2014), other reef Cnidaria (fire corals, zooanthids, jellyfish, etc. ;LaJeunesse, 2002;Finney et al, 2010), as well as molluscs in the subfamily Tridacninae (giant clams; Lee et al, 2015). Several Clade A types are prevalent in the Greater Caribbean (northwestern tropical Atlantic).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and with large anemones (Condylactis and Stichodactyla; Finney et al, 2010). Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Lee et al, 2015), also called type A1, occurs in the upside-down mangrove jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana (LaJeunesse, 2002). In addition, there are two formally described Symbiodinium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

LaJeunesse

Lee

Gil-Agudelo

et al. 2015

European Journal of Phycology

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We describe Symbiodinium necroappetens sp. nov. found predominantly in diseased or thermally damaged tissues in some reef corals of the Greater Caribbean. Small, albeit fixed, differences in the ribosomal DNA (ITS2 and LSU) and cytochrome b (cob) indicate that S. necroappetens is evolutionarily separate, but closely related to S. microadriaticum (members of Clade A). However, haplotype sequences of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle are highly divergent, signifying that the degree of genetic divergence between these sibling lineages is far greater than indicated by changes in rDNA. Small morphological differences also support the delineation of this species. The Kofoidian plate formula for S. necroappetens (x-plate, EAV, 4′, 5a, 8′′, 9-11s, 21c, 6′′′, 2′′′′, PE) is generally the same as described for S. microadriaticum, except for the number of cingulum plates (21 vs 22-24), but plate shapes and configurations differ. Nuclear and mitochondrial volumes calculated from ultrastructural serial sections (published previously) also distinguish it from S. microadriaticum and S. pilosum. There are significant physiological differences in the response of S. necroappetens to high pCO 2 and thermal stress when compared with S. microadriaticum, indicating that large functional differences exist even among closely related species. This species appears to be necrotrophic rather than mutualistic. Before it was recognized as a distinct entity, reports on its ecology contributed to the supposition that members of Clade A Symbiodinium were opportunistic. Available evidence indicates that S. necroappetens exists at low environmental background levels, but may 'proliferate' selectively in artificial growth media, or emerge opportunistically in bleached coral colonies during early recovery from severe stress, or in diseased necrotic tissues, especially in colonies of the Orbicella (formerly Monstastraea) annularis complex. However, S. necroappetens fails to persist at detectable levels as populations of the typical symbiont recover. The description of this species raises awareness of the broad functional and ecological diversity exhibited by members of this large dinoflagellate genus.

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Symbiodinium tridacnidorumsp. nov., a dinoflagellate common to Indo-Pacific giant clams, and a revised morphological description ofSymbiodinium microadriaticumFreudenthal, emended Trench & Blank

Cited by 102 publications

References 52 publications

Characterizing Photosymbiosis Between Fraginae Bivalves and Symbiodinium Using Phylogenetics and Stable Isotopes

Characterizing Photosymbiosis Between Fraginae Bivalves and Symbiodinium Using Phylogenetics and Stable Isotopes

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

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