Salmonella enterica Serovar Panama, an Understudied Serovar Responsible for Extraintestinal Salmonellosis Worldwide

Abstract

In recent years nontyphoidal Salmonella has emerged as one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from the bloodstream in humans. Only a small group of Salmonella serovars cause this systemic infection, known as invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Here, we present a focused minireview on Salmonella enterica serovar Panama, a serovar responsible for invasive salmonellosis worldwide. S. Panama has been linked with infection of extraintestinal sites in humans, causing septicemia, meningitis, and osteomyelitis. The clinical picture is often complicated by antimicrobial resistance and has been associated with a large repertoire of transmission vehicles, including human feces and breast milk. Nonhuman sources of S. Panama involve reptiles and environmental reservoirs, as well as food animals, such as pigs. The tendency of S. Panama to cause invasive disease may be linked to certain serovar-specific genetic factors.

Genomic characterization of Salmonella Uzaramo for human invasive infection

“…Typhoid toxin was first found in serovar Typhi, and only limited serovars, including at least 47 NTS serovars from multiple serogroup or clades, carry unique toxins [38–41]. Interesting, serovar Panama, which was recently recognized as an extraintestinal iNTS, also carries cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) homology [41, 42]. Here, our comparative genomics approach, for the first time, revealed that all S .…”

Stepwise evolution of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 causing bloodstream infection in Africa

“…Importantly, ST313 L3 had an elevated invasiveness index compared to ST313 L2, unlike the UK-isolated ST313 strains that had a lower invasiveness index than ST313 L2 47 . The majority of genes unique to ST313 L3 were plasmidor prophage-encoded, including by the prophage RE-2010 29 which is found in other extraintestinal Salmonella pathovariants [30][31][32] . Apart from accessory genome composition, other ST313 L3-specific changes involve loss-of-function SNPs in genes that are not required for systemic infection.…”

Complete genome and plasmid sequences of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Panama isolate from a German cattle farm

“…They are also typical for poultry but rather atypical for cattle farms [24]. The serovar S. Panama is reported to be most susceptible to antibiotics in Germany (except for streptomycin) but can be multi-resistant as reported from Asia and South America [2,5,25,26]. We present here a new rare clone of this serovar with an acquired antibiotic resistance.…”

“…enterica serovar Panama (S. Panama) was first isolated during an analysis of a food-borne infection in Panama in 1934 [1]. The serovar Panama is rarely discussed but has a strong association with invasive diseases and is linked with infections in humans [2]. S. Panama is known to cause a significant proportion of Salmonella infections in the pig industry [3].…”

“…S. Panama is known to cause a significant proportion of Salmonella infections in the pig industry [3]. This serovar has also been isolated from reptiles and environmental reservoirs, rarely from cattle but is in general considered as understudied [2,4]. S. Panama isolates from various origin exhibit different levels of antimicrobial resistance, however, multidrug-resistant isolates may occur [5].…”