p-type CdS thin films formed by in situ Cu doping in the chemical bath

Sebastian, P.J.

doi:10.1063/1.109181

Cited by 78 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The radii of Cu + is 0.96 Å and that of Cd 2+ is 0.97 Å, these two values are very close, therefore, Cu Cd is more easily to be formed in CdS than Cu i . 23,29,30 The Cu Cd acceptor level is about 0.6 eV above the valence band maximum. For the air-annealed CdS films, the much decreased peak FIG.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cu-doped CdS and its application in CdTe thin film solar cell

Deng

Yang

et al. 2016

AIP Advances

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Cu is widely used in the back contact formation of CdTe thin film solar cells. However, Cu is easily to diffuse from the back contact into the CdTe absorber layer and even to the cell junction interface CdS/CdTe. This phenomenon is generally believed to be the main factor affecting the CdTe solar cell stability. In this study Cu was intentionally doped in CdS thin film to study its effect on the microstructural, optical and electrical properties of the CdS material. Upon Cu doping, the VCd− and the surface-state-related photoluminescence emissions were dramatically decreased/quenched. The presence of Cu atom hindered the recrystallization/coalescence of the nano-sized grains in the as-deposited CdS film during the air and the CdCl2 annealing. CdTe thin film solar cell fabricated with Cu-doped CdS window layers demonstrated much decreased fill factor, which was induced by the increased space-charge recombination near the p-n junction and the worsened junction crystalline quality. Temperature dependent current-voltage curve measurement indicated that the doped Cu in the CdS window layer was not stable at both room and higher temperatures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cu-doped CdS and its application in CdTe thin film solar cell

Deng

Yang

et al. 2016

AIP Advances

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“…There is an additional challenge, however, that needs to be considered in order to achieve effective doping. Transition metals with large numbers of valence electrons are widely used as dopants in various inorganic thin films [35,36]. However, work in this field demonstrated a limit in the doping efficiency for these metals [37,38].…”

Section: Cbd Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Optimization of the Optoelectronic Performance in Chemically Deposited Thin Films

Slonopas¹,

Dhar²,

Ryan³

et al. 2017

Thin Film Processes - Artifacts on Surface Phenomena and Technological Facets

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Chemical deposition methodology is a well-understood and highly documented category of deposition techniques. In recent years, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have garnered considerable attention as an effective alternative to other deposition methods. The applicability of CVD and CBD for industrial-sized operations is perhaps the most attractive aspect, in that thin-film deposition costs inversely scale with the processing batch size without loss of desirable optoelectronic properties in the materials. A downside of the method is that the optoelectronic characteristics of these films are highly susceptible to spurious deposition growth mechanisms. For example, increasing the temperature of the chemical deposition bath can shift the deposition mechanisms from ion-by-ion (two dimensional) precipitation to bulk solution cluster-by-cluster (three dimensional) formation which then deposit. This drastically changes the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of CBD-deposited thin films.A similar phenomenon is observed in CVD deposited materials. Thus, it is of great interest to study the coupling between the deposition parameters and subsequent effects on film performance. Such studies have been conducted to elucidate the correlation between growth mechanisms and film performance. Here, we present a review of the current literature demonstrating that simple changes can be made in processing conditions to optimize the characteristics of these films for optoelectronic applications.

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“…A summary of the dark resistivity of some CBD-CdS films reported in the literature and the corresponding Cd source used. CBD-CdS using Cu [14,15], Li [16,17], Na [18], Al [19,20] and B [11,21] has been reported. Ag doping of CBD-CdS was carried out using the ion exchange process [22,23] and In-doped CdS films were grown by co-evaporation of CdS and indium [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of aluminium and indiumin situdoping of chemical bath deposited CdS thin films

Khallaf

Chai

Lupan

et al. 2008

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Aluminum and indium in situ doping of CdS using chemical bath deposition (CBD) is investigated. The effects of Al and In-doping on optical properties as well as on electrical properties, crystal structure, chemistry and morphology of CdS films are studied. Al doping of CdS using CBD is shown to be successful where a resistivity as low as 4.6 × 10 −2 cm and a carrier density as high as 1.1 × 10 19 cm −3 were achieved. The bandgap of Al-doped films decreases to a minimum of 2.26 eV, then slightly increases and finally saturates at 2.30 eV as the [Al]/[Cd] ratio in solution increases from 0.018 to 0.18. X-ray diffraction studies showed Al 3+ ions entering the lattice substitutionally at low concentration and interstitially at high concentration. Phase transition, due to annealing, and induced lattice damage, due to doping, were detected by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Film stoichiometry was found to be sensitive to Al concentration, while film morphology was unaffected by Al doping. Indium doping using CBD, however, was found to be highly unlikely due to the low solubility of indium sulfide. Instead, the formation of InS/In 2 S 3 dominated the deposition process over CdS.

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p-type CdS thin films formed by in situ Cu doping in the chemical bath

Abstract: Structural and optical properties of CdS thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition AIP Conf.

Cited by 78 publications

References 8 publications

Cu-doped CdS and its application in CdTe thin film solar cell

Cu-doped CdS and its application in CdTe thin film solar cell

Efficient Optimization of the Optoelectronic Performance in Chemically Deposited Thin Films

Investigation of aluminium and indiumin situdoping of chemical bath deposited CdS thin films

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